主管：中华人民共和国应急管理部
主办：应急管理部天津消防研究所
ISSN 1009-0029  CN 12-1311/TU
消防科学与技术

消防科学与技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (1): 21-27.

• • 上一篇    下一篇

面向家庭电气火灾的交流线路故障模拟系统设计与试验验证

刘涛1,2,6, 魏宗峰1,2, 郭宇航3,4, 唐海军5, 姜文涛1,2   

  1. （1.天津工业大学，天津 300387； 2.天津市电气装备智能控制重点实验室，天津 300387； 3.应急管理部天津消防研究所，天津 300382； 4.天津市消防安全技术重点实验室，天津 300381； 5.中国民航科学技术研究院，北京 100024； 6.天津航天机电设备研究所，天津 300301）
  • 收稿日期:2025-05-29 修回日期:2025-09-10 出版日期:2026-01-15 发布日期:2026-01-15
  • 作者简介:刘 涛，天津工业大学副教授，主要从事电气电子与电机控制、电能质量方面的研究工作，天津市西青区宾水西道399号，300387，liutao@tiangong.edu.cn。
  • 基金资助:
    天津市应用基础研究多元投入项目（22JCZDJC00930）；应急管理部天津消防研究所基科费项目（2024SJ06）

AC circuit fault simulation system design for residential electrical fires and its experimental validation

Liu Tao1,2,6, Wei Zongfeng1,2, Guo Yuhang3,4, Tang Haijun5, Jiang Wentao1,2   

  1. (1. Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; 2. Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Control for Electrical Equipment, Tianjin 300387, China; 3. Tianjin Fire Science and Technology Research Institute of MEM, Tianjin 300382, China; 4. Tianjin Key Laboratory of Fire Safety Technology, Tianjin 300381, China; 5. China Academy of Civil Aviation Science and Technology, Beijing 100024, China; 6. Tianjin Institute of Aerospace Mechanical and Electrical Equipment, Tianjin 300301, China)
  • Received:2025-05-29 Revised:2025-09-10 Online:2026-01-15 Published:2026-01-15

摘要： 电气火灾频发与交流线路故障密切相关，其中接地故障、过载运行及短路等隐性或突发性故障因传统监测手段存在响应滞后、风险识别精度不足等问题，成为火灾防治的难点。为此，本研究构建面向电气火灾防治的交流线路故障模拟系统，集成短路、过载、接地故障3类典型故障模块，并建立多源信号同步采集与分析平台。试验结果表明，短路故障能量释放呈现显著相位依赖性，电压上升沿短路时释放能量达158.8 J，较电压下降沿工况高249.8%；无漏保接地故障在3 A持续电流下局部迅速升温，存在火灾风险；过载试验揭示了导线线径、电流强度与温升速率间的非线性耦合关系，1.5 mm²导线在56 A过载时温升速率达3.32 ℃/s，远超2.5 mm²导线同工况表现。基于试验数据并区分保护状态构建火灾风险等级评价体系：在无保护条件下，无漏保接地故障风险高于过载运行；在有保护条件下，短路故障因产生瞬时电弧伴随高能量释放，成为主要火灾隐患，而接地故障则能被漏电保护有效及时切断。研究成果可为火灾预警阈值设定、故障反演分析及火灾物证鉴定提供数据支撑，对提升电气系统主动防火能力具有重要实践价值。

关键词: 电气火灾, 接地故障, 过载运行, 短路故障, 多源信号同步采集

Abstract: The frequent occurrence of electrical fires is closely associated with AC line faults. Among them, hidden or sudden faults such as ground faults, overload operation, and short circuits pose significant challenges in fire prevention and control, due to limitations of traditional monitoring methods including delayed response and insufficient risk identification accuracy. To address this, this study develops an AC line fault simulation system for electrical fire prevention, which integrates three typical fault modules, including short circuit, overload, and ground fault, and establishes a synchronous multi-source signal acquisition and analysis platform. Experimental results demonstrate that the energy release of short-circuit faults exhibits significant phase dependence. The energy released during a short circuit at the voltage rising edge reaches 158.8 J, an increase of 249.8% compared to the condition at the voltage falling edge. A ground fault without leakage protection causes rapid local temperature rise under a continuous current of 3 A, indicating a fire risk. Overload experiments reveal a nonlinear coupling relationship among wire diameter, current intensity, and temperature rise rate. A 1.5 mm² wire under 56 A overload exhibits a temperature rise rate of 3.32 °C/s, far exceeding that of a 2.5 mm² wire under the same operating conditions. Based on experimental data and distinguishing protection states, a fire risk classification system is established: under unprotected conditions, the risk of a ground fault without leakage protection is higher than that of overload operation; under protected conditions, short-circuit faults become the primary fire hazard due to instantaneous high-energy release accompanied by arcing, while ground faults can be effectively and promptly interrupted by leakage protection. The research outcomes provide data support for setting fire warning thresholds, fault backtracking analysis, and fire evidence identification, contributing practical value to enhancing the active fire prevention capabilities of electrical systems.

Key words: electrical fire, ground fault, overload operation, short circuit fault, synchronous multi-source signal acquisition