In order to investigate the thermal safety characteristics of 18650-type oxide alloy lithium-ion batteries, electro-thermal abuse experiments under adiabatic, heating, and 1C-overcharge conditions were conducted using an accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC) and a closed pressure vessel. The temperatures, voltages, internal resistance and gas production characteristics of the batteries under electro-thermal abuse conditions were obtained. The results show that: First, the battery in the adiabatic conditions of self-heating onset average temperature T1 was 89.21 ℃, the average maximum temperature rise rate during the self-heating stage was 0.648 ℃/min. Second, the battery was heated using the heating bar, the maximum temperature of the heating bar was 684.84 ℃, the whole heating time was 1 376 s. The maximum surface temperature of the battery was 274.13 ℃, and the mass loss rate was 13.81%. Finally, the maximum voltage of the battery during 1C overcharging was 4.39 V, the maximum surface temperature was 57.05 ℃, and the mass loss rate was 0.82%. In accordance with the standard conditions for determining the thermal runaway of the battery, it was considered that the battery did not exhibit thermal runaway behavior under the above three electro-thermal abuse conditions.

The fire resistance performance of the floating roof in the flammable liquid storage tank has an important impact on the overall fire safety level of the tank. Based on the typical fire accident scenarios of the internal floating roof tank, two experimental methods for the fire resistance performance of the internal floating roof were established. The aluminum alloy internal floating roof product was selected for testing. The experimental method based on the full assembly structure was determined to be more capable of scientifically reflecting the fire resistance performance level of the internal floating roof under engineering application conditions, with significant practical guidance. It is suggested that this method be used as the standard test method for the fire resistance performance of the floating roof on flammable liquid storage tanks, providing a basis for the formulation and revision of relevant standards and codes.

Based on theoretical analysis and small-scale experiments, the influence of different slope composition and fire power on the smoke flow and temperature distribution in asymmetric V-shaped tunnel under fire conditions was studied when the fire was located at the variable slope point. The results show that, due to the influence of thermal pressure difference caused by the asymmetric structure on both sides of the slope change point, the flow characteristics and temperature distribution of smoke in the tunnel on both sides of the V-shaped tunnel are different. The smoke flow is affected by the fire power and the slope composition on both sides of the V-shaped tunnel, and the longitudinal ceiling temperature prediction model in the asymmetric V-shaped tunnel is obtained.

CAFS plays an important role in critical facilities such as UHV converter stations. However, with the improvement of its fire extinguishing capability, the difficulty of management and control has also increased, posing higher requirements for health status monitoring, fault diagnosis, and reliability analysis of fire protection facilities. Given the complexity of the functional structure and diverse fault modes of CAFS, this paper integrates three typical fault diagnosis methods, including time-series monitoring data, knowledge graph, and grey relational analysis, to construct a fault knowledge graph model. By querying the knowledge graph with specified fault keywords and combining with the grey relational analysis algorithm, the fault points can be precisely located, providing decision support for maintenance and management personnel. Three typical fault simulation experiments were conducted, and the experimental results show that the proposed meta-synthetic method can effectively improve the efficiency and accuracy of fault diagnosis, which is of great significance for ensuring the reliability and effectiveness of the CAFS system.

To explore the effectiveness of transitional jet in firefighting and rescue operations, this paper conducted experiments to study the fire control area of transitional jet in a 4.70 m × 2.66 m room by changing 3 factors of transitional jet as jet impact point, jet pressure, and jet angle. Experiments showed that transitional jets are difficult to effectively control the room between the jet inlet and the impact point. When the jet angle is 60°, adjusting the jet pressure is difficult to change the distribution of the jet in the room, and the scattered water flow of the jet is mainly concentrated within the depth range of 4.14~4.70 m in the room. When the jet angle is 70° and the jet pressure is 0.20 MPa, the scattered water flow of the jet hitting the window eyebrow has the largest fire control area, which is 68% of the total room area. When the jet angle is 80° and the jet pressure is 0.25 MPa, the scattered water flow of the jet hitting the window eyebrow has the largest fire control area, which is 72% of the total room area. Among the 3 influencing factors of experimental control, the jet angle has the greatest impact on the fire control area.

Aiming at the innovative architectural form of subway vehicle base with overhead comprehensive development project, this study investigates the smoke spread patterns and temperature distribution under a 1.5 MW test fire source in different functional areas (the inspection area and the throat area) of subway vehicle base through hot smoke tests. The experimental results show that: Under the natural smoke exhaust mode, the smoke generated in the fire scenarios of the train inspection area and the throat area can be effectively discharged through the natural smoke exhaust openings. The height of the smoke layer is always maintained above the safe clear height, and the visibility in the area near the fire source remains good without being significantly affected. This indicates that the natural smoke exhaust system of the metro vehicle base with overhead comprehensive development project in this study can effectively ensure fire safety. When the fire source is located in the throat area, smoke tends to spread to the depot side under the influence of environmental wind. It is recommended to install smoke barriers between the depot and the throat area to limit smoke diffusion and enhance the fire safety performance of the depot. Adopt a denser layout of smoke exhaust vents in elongated spaces to optimize smoke extraction efficiency. Prioritize the placement of smoke exhaust vents at the downstream position of prevailing wind direction to mitigate the adverse effects of environmental wind on exhaust performance.

This research focuses on a standard three-story underground transfer station in Beijing. Considering the different types of fires that may occur on the three-story underground platform floor, numerical simulations of fire smoke are carried out using the PyroSim software. These simulations cover various conditions, such as different fire source locations, heat release rates, and smoke exhaust modes. The study aims at exploring the control effects of diverse smoke control modes comprehensively on the fire-generated smoke in the platform floor, with the ultimate objective of achieving precise control of the fire smoke control system in the subway platform area. The results clearly show that the division of smoke zones on the platform floor of a standard subway station is conducive to the control of fire generated smoke and the safe evacuation. And for luggage fires on the platform floor, the mechanical air-make-up provided by the smoke exhaust fans within the platform floor smoke zone and the air-conditioning system of the concourse floor can prevent the smoke effectively from spreading from the platform level to the concourse floor through the stairways and escalator openings. When it comes to train fires, in addition to activating the platform floor smoke exhaust fans, it is also crucial to activate the track exhaust fans and tunnel ventilation fans to restrain the spread of smoke effectively from the platform floor to the concourse floor. Moreover, through the statistical analysis of the wind speed at the stairway and escalator openings, it can be seen clearly that for luggage fires on the platform floor, due to the relatively small scale of such fires, a local downward wind speed lower than 1.5 m/s at the stairway and escalator openings can still prevent the smoke effectively from spreading to the concourse level. For train fires, the smoke control mode can ensure that the downward wind speed at each stairwell meets the regulatory requirements while being as close as possible to 1.5 m/s, which is more conducive to the safe evacuation.

This paper analyzed the issues of fire safety design of underground public circular driveway and the surrounding parking area, that is, some areas between the public circular driveway and the surrounding garage area can't be separated with firewalls, and the special fire shutter is used instead, but the length of the special fire shutter exceeds one-third of the fire separation width, which breached the current code. This paper proposes a safety strategy to solve the issues in fire protection design, including constructing evacuation strategy of vehicles and people; optimazing fire compartment, and clarifying the horizontal and longitudinal separation methods; determining the specific separation scheme of smoke compartment; improving the selection of fixed fire extinguishing facilities, using the automatic sprinkler system instead of the water spray system. The fire safety design issues of underground circular driveway in this paper are universal, however, there is no requirements in the current code for the special case in China.

In the actual process of engineering construction, the fire protections for special cases cannot be carried out in accordance with the current code sometimes, and it is necessary to use some alternative fire protection designs. Aiming at the fire protection problem of steel structure in the confined space of a super high-rise building suspended ceiling, this paper puts forward a design scheme of fire protection using "fireproof board + fireproof coating". Meanwhile, the fire protection and heat insulation effect have been experimentally studied by fire test furnace and real fire, and the temperature rise curves of each position of the steel structure under different conditions are obtained. The results indicate that the fire protection and heat insulation effect of 20 mm thick fireproof board installed on the 5 mm thick fireproof coating is better than that of 20 mm thick fireproof coating, which can meet the relevant fire resistance rating requirement in Chinese national standards. The research results provide a new scheme for fire protection design of steel structures in super high-rise buildings.

To provide reference for fire safety design in the renovation and revitalization projects of historical and cultural blocks, this article studied the fire separation distance of historical and cultural blocks through fire entity experiments and analyzed the experimental data of temperature and thermal radiation. The results of the full-scale experimental indicate that for historical buildings with brick and wood structures, window fire overflow and thermal particles in historical and cultural blocks may be factors that trigger the spread of fires between historical buildings. During the process of manual intervention in extinguishing the fire, the temperature at the 1.0 m position of the window corresponding to the location of the fire was the highest, with a temperature value of 285.78 ℃. As the distance increased, the temperature decreased, and the temperature in the window area corresponding to the location of the fire was below 35 ℃ at 4.0 m. The maximum thermal radiation at the 1.0 m position of the window corresponding to the location of the fire is 25.67 kW/m2, and the maximum thermal radiation at the 2.0 m position of the window corresponding to the location of the fire is 8.58 kW/m2. In the full-scale experimental of the fire in this historic and cultural block of Huizhou architecture, for buildings with noncombustible exterior walls, setting up a 4.0 m fire separation zone could effectively prevent fire and provide insulation. Considering a certain safety margin, it is recommended to use a 6.0 m wide fire separation zone between the fire groups or fire control zones in the historic conservation area.

The fire extinguishing test platform for flammable liquid spill fires was designed and built, and the effects of slope, leakage flow, supply intensity and other factors on the fire extinguishing efficiency of spill flammable liquid were studied. The test method for evaluating the fire extinguishing efficiency of flammable liquid spill fire was defined, and the fire extinguishing efficiency of foam extinguishing agents such as AFFF, FP and P was evaluated. The results show that the stable burning area of 120# solvent oil basically covers the entire oil tank when the slope is 0.5o and the leakage flow is 4.5 L/min. In this case, foam is suitable for fire extinguishing. This test method can distinguish the fire extinguishing efficiency difference of different types of foam extinguishing agents, of which AFFF is the fastest and P is the worst; The thermal radiation flux values show that the test method is consistent with the characteristics of spill fire combustion and the development process of fire suppression.

The mathematical model and numerical method of firefighting foam spread over deep liquid pools were established, and the transient process of firefighting foam spread was analyzed. The effects of the initial conditions, foam rheological behaviors and liquid properties on the foam spreading process were studied. The results show that the propagation velocity of the foam front gradually decays as the foam layer spreads downstream. A higher initial foam velocity or foam layer thickness at the inlet favors foam spreading, which results in increased foam front velocity, and the foam spreads further at a given moment. Affected by the yield stress of the firefighting foam, the foam layer spreads forward in a plug-like flow. The effect of liquid viscosity on foam spreading is not monotonic. If the liquid viscosity is low and the turbulent boundary layer dominates, an increase in liquid viscosity is beneficial for foam spreading; otherwise, the laminar boundary layer dominates, the increase in liquid viscosity will hinder foam spreading.

Alcohol-resistant aqueous film forming foam extinguishing agent is widely used and is one of the important technical means to deal with all kinds of polar and non-polar liquid fires. However, because it contains xanthan gum and other components, the viscosity of the foam concentrates is relatively large, and there are certain limitations. Therefore, the basic formula of low-viscosity alcohol resistant aqueous film forming foam extinguishing agent was formulated in this paper, and the spreading performance of the foam was studied, which provided theoretical guidance for the subsequent research and development of low-viscosity alcohol-resistant aqueous film forming foam extinguishing agent products. The results show that the foam produced by the basic formula developed in this paper has better spreading performance on the surface of polar liquid than the traditional alcohol-resistant foam, and the foam spreading performance is the best when the mass fraction of fluoropolymer in the low-viscosity alcohol-resistant foam is 6%~8%. The spreading speed of low-viscosity alcohol-resistant foam on the surface of non-polar liquid is slightly faster than that of traditional alcohol-resistant foam, which is mainly related to the foam drainage time.

In this paper, aspartic acid and lysine were used as flame retardants, and the flame-retardant finishing of PET fabric was carried out by supercritical CO₂ technology. The effects of flame retardant dosage, temperature, pressure, and time of supercritical treatment on the flame-retardant performance of PET fabric were discussed. The mechanical and thermodynamic properties of PET fabric after flame-retardant finishing were tested. The results showed that the flame-retardant performance increased with the increase in the amount of flame retardant and the increase in temperature and pressure during supercritical treatment. The optimal finishing process was determined as flame retardant at 10% o.w.f., with supercitical conditions of 25 MPa, 135 °C and 60 min. The char length of PET fabric after aspartic acid or lysine finishing was less than 10 cm, and the LOI value was greater than 30%. The breaking strength of the PET fabric increased by 94 N and 76 N, respectively, and the elongation at break increased by 14.6% and 15.1%, respectively. The melting enthalpy and residue increased slightly, indicating that the mechanical and thermodynamic properties of the PET fabric after flame-retardant finishing were improved. After repeated washing, the LOI values of PET fabrics can reach no less than 28%.

The complex combustible materials in ancient temple buildings, diverse fire characteristic parameters, and the presence of interference sources such as incense, candles, and smoke have led to high false alarm rates and poor reliability of single parameter fire detection methods. This article proposes a multi parameter composite detection method, which constructs a fire alarm model that adapts to the structure and environment of ancient temple buildings through data collection and fusion of early fire characteristic parameters, thereby achieving accurate detection of early fires in ancient buildings. Represented by the Yonghe Gate Hall, Yongyou Hall, and Wanfu Pavilion of Yonghe Palace, fire characteristic parameters such as gas volume fraction, temperature, and visibility were obtained through numerical simulation. A 4-layer BP neural network was used to train a fire alarm model using a combination of training and testing sets from two dimensions. The results showed that the accuracy of the training alarm model fused with 5 and 3 detection data was similar, with CO volume fraction, temperature, and visibility as sensitive feature parameters; The fire alarm model has strong generalization ability for ancient buildings with similar building structures, with a fire alarm accuracy rate of up to 0.950 0. The fire alarm accuracy rate for ancient buildings with non similar structures is significantly reduced to only 0.720 0; The training model based on independent building fire simulation parameters has a high accuracy rate of 0.930 0 or above for the fire alarm of the building itself. The research process and results provide a theoretical basis for selecting composite fire characteristic parameters, and provide guidance methods and implementation paths for constructing an adaptive fire alarm model with multi detection data fusion for important temple ancient buildings.

Lithium-ion battery thermal runaway poses a significant threat to the safety of civil aviation transportation. In order to improve the accuracy and reduce the detection time of lithium-ion battery thermal runaway, this paper presents the design of a bionic electronic nose gas chamber specifically tailored for detecting thermal runaway gases from lithium-ion batteries. The study first analyzes the structure and flow field distribution within the canine nasal cavity, and then mimics its key characteristics. Using orthogonal experiments, the structure and dimensions of the bionic gas chamber are optimized. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed bionic gas chamber is verified through simulation software. The results indicate that the gas chamber facilitates a quicker and more uniform flow of gases to the sensor array, ensuring full contact. Compared to the entire area inside the bionic gas chamber, the mass fraction of gases in the region of the sensor array is enhanced by 44.93%. Furthermore, when compared to a conventional square gas chamber, the gas mass fraction in the sensor array region of the bionic gas chamber is increased by 10.01%.

In view of the problems of "unbroken and constantly pulled" in subway train body demolition, and the limitations of equipment used in special rescue environment, this paper carried out research of new equipment for subway train body demolition rescue. A high-strength and high-efficiency self-feedback intelligent control of subway train body dismantling equipment was developed, which innovative adopted the principle of high-precision machine tool technology, designed and installed high-efficiency cutting power head with the x-axis direction can control the feed rate, and designed the saw blade speed-feed rate force feedback computer control system. It achieves rapid and safe demolition of high-strength train body under extreme circumstances, opens up valuable escape channels for trapped people and reduces casualties.

With the increase in the frequency of earthquake disasters, China has put forward higher requirements for earthquake emergency rescue capacity. At present, the level of earthquake emergency rescue technology in China is uneven, and the training content and form of earthquake disaster rescue technology are not standardized enough to meet the actual rescue needs. Therefore, starting from the modular design concept, this paper designs and implements an earthquake rescue technology training platform based on the principles of safety, practicability, and economy, combined with targeted training subjects. The research results are conducive to the daily consolidation training of rescue skills and related technical and tactical research of rescuers, and the training modules can be replaced according to the needs of the team. The whole facility can also simulate the search and rescue of personnel in the earthquake, and train the rescuers to master the overall process of search and rescue by setting up trapped personnel in different positions, which is conducive to improving the actual combat training level and the earthquake search and rescue ability.

A series of modified activated carbons were prepared by modification with nitric acid (HNO3) and magnesium oxide (MgO) to improve their adsorption capacity for SO2, a toxic component in smoke. The modification method included treating the activated carbon in 2 mol/L HNO3 solution at 50 ℃ for 10 h, followed by washing, drying and roasting to introduce oxygen-containing functional groups, such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, and ester groups; subsequently, Mg(NO3)2 was loaded onto the activated carbon and the HNO3-modified activated carbon using an equal-volume impregnation method, followed by drying and roasting again to introduce the alkaline adsorption site, MgO. The adsorption and penetration of modified activated carbon on SO2 (3 000×10-6) were tested at 25~55 ℃. Meanwhile, the adsorption and oxidation properties of modified activated carbon on SO2 were investigated by pore structure analysis, infrared spectral characterization and ion chromatography. The results showed that the dual-modified adsorbents of HNO3 and MgO had the longest SO2 penetration time, which could enhance the SO2 penetration time of activated carbon from 12.9 min to 31.8 min, satisfying the secondary protection time (23 min) against SO2 for non-powered air-purifying gas masks. The hexavalent sulfur and tetravalent sulfur of activated carbon after adsorption of SO2 were tested, and it was found that after the double-modified the ratio of hexavalent sulfur to tetravalent sulfur value increased significantly from 0.62 before modification to 1.26 after modification, indicating that the synergistic modification of MgO and HNO3 can effectively increase the adsorption and oxidation capacity of activated carbon for SO2, and improve the protective performance of the filtering type of gas masks against SO2.

Given the persistence, bioaccumulation and high testing costs of typical PFASs contaminants in the firefighters' turnout gear, 2-amino-terephthalic acid served as ligand and zirconium dichloride as metal source, then the fluorescent dye RGH with pH response was encapsulated into zirconium organic cage NH2-Zr-MOC with active amino group by the strategy of in-situ encapsulation, and the double-emission fluorescence sensor RGH-NH2-Zr-MOC with good chemical stability and high fluorescence quantum yield was fabricated. With the help of strong hydrogen bond and electrostatic interactions between PFOA, PFOS and fluorescence sensor, the highly sensitive detection of PFOA and PFOS contaminants was realized. The results showed that the fluorescence sensor had high sensitivity to PFOA and PFOS and strong anti-interference capability, and the detection limits can reach 20.7 nmol/L and 12.9 nmol/L, respectively (S/N=3). Further, with the help of ultraviolet light irradiation with 254 nm and RGB numerical analysis method, the visually quantitative detection of PFASs (all converted as the percentage of PFOS) for firefighting protective clothing was realized. The accuracy of this method was comparable to that of HPLC-MS/MS, and the cost was very low. It provides a simple and practically rapid detection technology for firefighters' occupational exposure protection.

In response to the problem that most existing fire doors only have fire prevention functions and the household door industry lacks green and environmentally friendly entrance doors that integrate fire prevention, theft prevention, smoke prevention, and aesthetic functions, a new type of door core material has been developed and selected. On the basis of ensuring its excellent fire resistance performance, the material's green and environmentally friendly, non-toxic and harmless properties are highlighted, and a typical structure is developed. Advanced processing technology is used to design entrance doors that have fire prevention, theft prevention, and smoke prevention functions at the same time. This study conducted combustion tests on the core materials, core structures, and finished doors, as well as numerical simulations of fire doors with specific structures. The results indicate that the entrance door can fully meet the standard requirements for key indicators such as fire resistance and insulation (≥1.5 hours, average temperature rise at the unexposed side≤140 ℃), fire integrity (no flames or cracks at the unexposed side), durability of repeated opening and closing, smoke resistance, and theft prevention.

Shandong has adapted to local conditions and established a professional firefighting team based on city and county level firefighting and rescue institutions. This article analyzes the forest fires and forest fire prevention and control work in Shandong, summarizes the characteristics of fire laws, firefighting command mechanisms, and models, and provides useful references for improving the ability and professional level of fire rescue teams to participate in forest fire prevention and control work.

Aiming at how to promote the psychological service work for personnel in fire rescue command centers, this paper starts from the situation and tasks faced by the team, comprehensively sorts out the weak links in mental health, and proposes a problem-oriented work philosophy. It emphasizes strengthening organizational leadership, improving relevant systems, increasing talent cultivation efforts, purchasing social resources for utilization, equipping complete software and hardware facilities, conducting psychological effectiveness evaluations, establishing personal health files, and focusing on enhancing professional and psychological behavior training. These measures aim to continuously improve the comprehensive quality of command center personnel, and enhance their stress resistance and self-relief capabilities.