主管：中华人民共和国应急管理部
主办：应急管理部天津消防研究所
ISSN 1009-0029  CN 12-1311/TU
消防科学与技术

消防科学与技术 ›› 2025, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (5): 590-599.

• • 上一篇    下一篇

过充导致磷酸铁锂电池电动汽车火灾的试验研究

彭磊1,2, 倪照鹏3, 于越4, 孙福鹏4, 夏修龙4, 张鹏4, 于泽阳1, 丁浩文5, 宗金辉5   

  1. （1.天津泰达消防科技有限公司，天津 300392； 2.天津海泰消防科技中心，天津 300392； 3中国矿业大学 安全工程学院，江苏 徐州 221116； 4.青岛特中和智慧科技有限公司，山东 青岛 266104； 5.河北工业大学 土木与交通学院，天津 300401）
  • 收稿日期:2024-06-22 修回日期:2024-09-04 出版日期:2025-05-15 发布日期:2025-05-15
  • 作者简介:彭 磊，天津泰达消防科技有限公司，博士，主要从事建筑防火、特殊消防设计、新能源防火技术等方面的研究，天津市西青区华苑产业园天百中心12号楼，300392，11785912@qq.com。

Experimental study on lithium iron phosphate battery electric vehicle fire caused by over-charging

Peng Lei1,2, Ni Zhaopeng3, Yu Yue4, Sun Fupeng4, Xia Xiulong4, Zhang Peng4, Yu Zeyang1, Ding Haowen5, Zong Jinhui5   

  1. (1. Tianjin Taida Fire Technology Co. Ltd., Tianjin 300392, China; 2. Tianjin HiTech Fire Technology Center, Tianjin 300392, China; 3. School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116, China; 4. TOUGHRIG Zero Carbon Technology Ltd., Qingdao Shandong 266104, China; 5. School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China)
  • Received:2024-06-22 Revised:2024-09-04 Online:2025-05-15 Published:2025-05-15

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摘要： 过充是导致电动汽车着火的重要诱因之一。本文采用过充的方式对磷酸铁锂电池电动汽车开展实体火灾试验，测量了电池包内部、汽车底盘、汽车表面、车厢内部和四周的温度及汽车周围的辐射热流密度等数据，并采用耗氧原理测量了试验过程中的火灾热释放速率。结果表明，磷酸铁锂电池电动汽车因过充导致热失控、继而引燃整车的火灾发展规律表现为：电池包热失控产生可燃气体在底盘下方聚集并着火，火焰迅速引燃底盘周围的可燃物和汽车轮胎，火势随即导致车窗玻璃相继破裂，引燃车厢内饰及座椅，随后整车发生剧烈燃烧。试验车辆着火后的火灾增长速率介于中速火和快速火之间，火灾热释放速率的峰值达到约5.5 MW。距车辆外边缘0.5 m和1.0 m处的最大辐射热流密度峰值分别达到50~60 kW/m2和20~22 kW/m2，可引燃周围停靠的车辆。

关键词: 电动汽车, 磷酸铁锂电池, 过充, 热失控, 火灾蔓延, 热释放速率

Abstract: Over-charging is one of the important issues that cause fire in electric vehicles. In this paper, a fire test of lithium iron phosphate (LIP) battery electric vehicle was carried out by over-charging the battery. The temperatures inside the battery pack, under the chassis, on the car surface and inside the car, and the temperatures and radiative heat flux intensities all around the car, were measured during the test. The fire heat release rate was also measured by using the oxygen consumption principle. The results show that the development of LIP battery electric vehicle fire caused by over-charging is as follows: combustible gas was generated due to thermal runaway of the battery pack, the gas concentrated under the chassis and was later ignited, the flame quickly spread to the combustible materials around the chassis and tires, and then the fire caused the window glass to break one after another, the interior and passenger seats were ignited later, and then the whole vehicle burst into flame violently. The fire growth rate of the vehicle was between medium speed fire and fast speed fire, and the peak of fire heat release rate was measured to be about 5.5 MW. The maximum radiative heat flux intensity peaks at 0.5 m and 1.0 m away from the edge of the vehicle were 50~60 kW/m2 and 20~22 kW/m2, respectively, which might ignite the adjacent vehicles.

Key words: electric vehicle, lithium iron phosphate battery, overcharge, thermal runaway, fire spread, heat release rate