主管：中华人民共和国应急管理部
主办：应急管理部天津消防研究所
ISSN 1009-0029  CN 12-1311/TU
消防科学与技术

消防科学与技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (5): 52-58.

• • 上一篇    下一篇

隧道火灾横洞开启状态烟气蔓延特性与纵向送风效应研究

王万通1, 崔堃鹏1, 王  剑1, 杨日亮2, 刘宁3   

  1. （1.中国消防救援学院，北京 102202； 2.上海华测导航技术股份有限公司，上海 201703； 3.贵州大学 土木工程学院，贵州 贵阳550025）
  • 收稿日期:2025-03-12 修回日期:2025-05-08 出版日期:2026-05-15 发布日期:2026-05-15
  • 作者简介:王万通，中国消防救援学院消防指挥系讲师，一级注册消防工程师，主要从事消防技术研究，北京市昌平区南雁路4号，102202。
  • 基金资助:
    贵州省科技计划项目（黔科技支撑［2024］ 一般133）；中国消防救援学院校级课题（2025JXMS08）

Smoke spread characteristics and longitudinal ventilation effects in tunnel fires under open cross-passage conditions

Wang Wantong1, Cui Kunpeng1, Wang Jian1, Yang Riliang2, Liu Ning3   

  1. (1. China Fire and Rescue Institute, Beijing 102202, China; 2. Shanghai Huace Navigation Technology Co., Ltd.,Shanghai 201703, China; 3. School of Civil Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang Guizhou 550025, China)
  • Received:2025-03-12 Revised:2025-05-08 Online:2026-05-15 Published:2026-05-15

摘要： 隧道火灾中，横洞在人员疏散功能完成后可能成为烟气蔓延的通道，而后续的纵向送风也会影响隧道的烟气蔓延。本文根据雪峰山隧道火灾场景，建立FDS数值模型，通过时序点火的方式设置货车（15 MW）与轿车（5 MW）的复合火源，模拟初期火灾工况和火灾衰减阶段送风工况，分析2种工况下气体流速、温度、能见度等参数对灭火救援的影响。结果表明，火源附近第八车行横洞温度高于其他横洞，火源下游方向的第十七人行横洞的能见度最低，1 926 s时刻降至5.83 m；在火源衰减阶段，纵向送风不会引起火源剧烈波动，但会使下游方向分层弱化，烟气与空气迅速掺混。总体而言，在火灾初期及后期送风阶段，非事故隧道及火源上游方向横洞的灭火救援环境安全度较高。

关键词: 隧道, 火灾, FDS数值模拟, 横洞, 纵向送风

Abstract: In tunnel fires, cross passages may become pathways for smoke spread after the evacuation function is completed, and subsequent longitudinal ventilation can also affect smoke propagation within the tunnel. Based on the Xuefengshan tunnel fire scenario, this study established an FDS numerical model. A combined fire source consisting of a truck (15 MW) and a car (5 MW) was set using time-sequential ignition to simulate the initial fire conditions and ventilation conditions during the fire decay stage. The influence of parameters such as gas velocity, temperature, and visibility on fire rescue operations was analyzed under these two scenarios. The results indicate that the temperature at the eighth vehicle cross passage near the fire source is higher than that at other cross passages, while the seventeenth pedestrian cross passage on the downwind side of the fire source exhibits the lowest visibility, dropping to 5.83 m at 1 926 s. During the fire decay stage, longitudinal ventilation does not cause significant fluctuations in the fire source but does lead to weakened stratification on the downwind side, resulting in rapid mixing of smoke with air. Overall, during the initial fire stage and the subsequent ventilation stage, the non-accident tunnel and the cross passages on the upwind side of the fire source offer a relatively safe environment for fire rescue operations.

Key words: tunnel, fire, FDS numerical simulation, tunnel cross passages, longitudinal ventilation