Abstract: This paper systematically reviews the research progress on the thermal runaway mechanisms, material-related factors, fire suppression technologies, and safety protection strategies of hydrogen fuel cells and lithium-ion batteries. A comparative analysis is conducted on the applicability and limitations of extinguishing agents such as liquid nitrogen, HFC-227ea, and Novec-1230 under different operating conditions. The study reveals that the current safety design for hybrid hydrogen-lithium systems remains at an early stage. In response to the emerging fire safety demands of hybrid energy storage systems, this paper proposes five forward-looking research directions, including multimodal sensing and response systems, coordinated thermal management frameworks, hybrid extinguishing agents, and modularized safety compartment design. The development prospects of these approaches are evaluated from the perspectives of materials science, systems engineering, and fire safety technology. The findings aim to provide theoretical and technical support for the fire protection design and standardization of high-integration, multi-energy storage systems in the future.

Key words: hydrogen fuel cells, lithium-ion batteries, clean energy technologies, energy storage systems