Table of Content

15 May 2025, Volume 44 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue

---

For Selected:

Download Citations EndNote Ris BibTeX

Toggle Thumbnails

Select

Research on the suppression of thermal runaway of lithium battery modules based on immersion technology Xu Xiaoyuan, Zhang Shaoyu, Zhuo Ping, Chu Yuxi 2025, 44 (5):  585-589.  Abstract ( 1603 )   PDF (4159KB) ( 124 )   The risk of battery thermal runaway has become a bottleneck problem restricting the development of the new energy industry. In response to the emergency response problem of battery thermal runaway, this paper developed a battery module thermal runaway immersion suppression experimental platform, conducted battery thermal runaway experiments under different injection strategies, and studied the effectiveness of immersion liquid in delaying battery thermal runaway and preventing battery thermal runaway. The results showed that when the battery thermal runaway occurred, the disposal condition of filling the module box with immersion solution within 40 seconds could suppress the temperature rise of the battery, with a maximum cooling rate of 78.7 ℃/s; When the battery valve is opened and the immersion liquid is filled into the module box within 40 seconds, the maximum cooling rate can reach 17.9 ℃/s to prevent thermal runaway. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Experimental study on lithium iron phosphate battery electric vehicle fire caused by over-charging Peng Lei, Ni Zhaopeng, Yu Yue, Sun Fupeng, Xia Xiulong, Zhang Peng, Yu Zeyang, Ding Haowen, Zong Jinhui 2025, 44 (5):  590-599.  Abstract ( 1261 )   PDF (22881KB) ( 101 )   Over-charging is one of the important issues that cause fire in electric vehicles. In this paper, a fire test of lithium iron phosphate (LIP) battery electric vehicle was carried out by over-charging the battery. The temperatures inside the battery pack, under the chassis, on the car surface and inside the car, and the temperatures and radiative heat flux intensities all around the car, were measured during the test. The fire heat release rate was also measured by using the oxygen consumption principle. The results show that the development of LIP battery electric vehicle fire caused by over-charging is as follows: combustible gas was generated due to thermal runaway of the battery pack, the gas concentrated under the chassis and was later ignited, the flame quickly spread to the combustible materials around the chassis and tires, and then the fire caused the window glass to break one after another, the interior and passenger seats were ignited later, and then the whole vehicle burst into flame violently. The fire growth rate of the vehicle was between medium speed fire and fast speed fire, and the peak of fire heat release rate was measured to be about 5.5 MW. The maximum radiative heat flux intensity peaks at 0.5 m and 1.0 m away from the edge of the vehicle were 50~60 kW/m2 and 20~22 kW/m2, respectively, which might ignite the adjacent vehicles. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Study on the effect of dual-port coordinated venting on the explosion characteristics of hydrogen-doped methane in confined spaces Zhang Zishuang, Duan Yulong, Wen Ziyang, Yang Jie, Liu Liwen, Duan Xianqi 2025, 44 (5):  600-608.  Abstract ( 68 )   In order to explore the dual-port synergistic explosion on the restricted space hydrogen-doped methane explosion characteristics, this paper uses the self-built premixed gas explosion experimental platform to carry out experiments on the effects of different areas of the double vent and the location of the explosion on the gas explosion flame and the overpressure. The hydrogen doping ratio in the hydrogen-doped methane was selected as 10%, and three venting sizes of 40 mm, 60 mm, and 80 mm were chosen, with four venting locations of 200 mm, 400 mm, 600 mm, and 800 mm from the ignition source. The experimental results show that the double-ported flame propagation time accelerates with increasing distance of the deflagration position from the ignition source. Based on the analysis of flame speed and pressure, the closer the position of the double explosion vents is to the ignition source, the better the pressure relief effect will be; and the larger the area of the explosion vents is, the better the explosion relief effect will be. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Thermal analysis and flow resistance optimization of liquid cooled energy storage battery pack Xin Jiaqi, Wan Changdong, Zhu Zhu, Li Gang 2025, 44 (5):  609-615.  Abstract ( 64 )   In order to control the service temperature of energy storage battery pack in an ideal range, a multi-channel serpentine liquid cooling plate is selected as the liquid cooling system of battery pack, and the influence of the number of channels of liquid cooling plate on cooling efficiency is analyzed. Six design schemes with the number of flow channels of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 were adopted. It was found that the number of flow channels of liquid-cooled plates had no obvious influence on the heat transfer performance. All liquid-cooled plates could keep the maximum temperature of the battery pack below 39 ℃, with the average temperature of 34.3 ℃, and the temperature difference between cells was around 2.1 ℃, so that the battery pack was in the normal working temperature range, and the flow resistance of liquid-cooled plates would decrease with the increase of the number of flow channels. By comprehensively comparing the flow resistance and processing difficulty of liquid cooling plate, the five-channel liquid cooling plate is selected for parameter optimization, and the flow resistance can be reduced from 1 101 Pa to 640.6 Pa without affecting its cooling performance, thus reducing the energy consumption of liquid cooling system and improving efficiency. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Experimental study on the combustion of children's electric toy vehicle Zhao Xiang, Li Jian , Yang Liang, Liu Dan, Jin Xing, Chen Yingchun, Chen Ke 2025, 44 (5):  616-620.  Abstract ( 74 )   To investigate the fire hazards and combustion patterns of children's electric toy vehicle, combustion performance experiments were conducted on vehicle components and the complete vehicle. The combustion performance experiment of non-metallic materials used in the vehicle were tested, including oxygen index, ignition temperature, ignition time, heat release rate, smoke production, and toxic gas; the heat release rate, total heat release amount, and combustion temperature of the entire vehicle combustion were tested, too. The experimental results show this children's electric toy vehicle has a high fire risk, with an oxygen index of 18.8% for the front cover and body cover, and the ignition temperature is 283 ℃; after a short circuit in the vehicle wire for 15 seconds, an open fire appeared, and the peak heat release rate of the complete vehicle was 755.012 kW, with a total heat release of 192.50 MJ. Through this experimental study, the fire hazard analysis process of similar independent power supply equipment is summarized, which provides technical support for the fire investigation of related equipment. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Study on law and influence range of oil pipeline slope leakage diffusion Chen Liqiong, Xiong Zhenbao, Zhang Kai, Zhao Kui 2025, 44 (5):  621-628.  Abstract ( 70 )   China-Myanmar crude oil pipeline is characterized by a large proportion of mountain slope distribution, complex external environment, and more accident potential hazards, etc. It is of great significance to study the leakage diffusion law of China-Myanmar pipeline slope for the emergency treatment of oil spillage and leakage accidents. Based on the actual operation of China-Myanmar oil pipeline in mountainous area, this paper establishes the experimental model and finite element model of China-Myanmar pipeline slope leakage diffusion, and researches the influence of different leakage speed, slope gradient, slope lithology, and obstacles on the leakage diffusion of oil pipeline slope. The results show that: Large hole leakage and high slope will promote the spreading of crude oil leakage; Rocky slope leakage spreading is the most serious, sandy and gravelly, mixed sandy soil is the second, grassland is the smallest; The size of obstacles affects the diffusion range more significantly, and the installation of additional booms can be considered to inhibit oil diffusion. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Failure period evaluation method for thermal insulation performance degradation of fire barrier in cable tunnel Pu Ziheng, Fang Qu, Cai Jing, Guo Wei 2025, 44 (5):  629-636.  Abstract ( 67 )   The conventional performance test method of organic molded fire barrier in cable tunnel is difficult to reflect the heat insulation performance after aging, and it is impossible to judge the deterioration failure. Therefore, this paper proposes a quantitative method for the thermal insulation performance of the fire barrier after aging. Firstly, the fire barrier is subjected to hygrothermal aging treatment, and then the equivalent combustion test is carried out to obtain the high temperature tolerance time of the aged fire barrier. Combined with the statistical law of the action time of the fire extinguishing appliance, the failure cycle based on the thermal insulation performance of the fire barrier is obtained. Furthermore, the residual strength model and the mechanical properties test data of the fire barrier under different aging cycles are used to calculate the failure cycle of the fire barrier based on the mechanical properties. Finally, based on the comprehensive comparative analysis of the service life of thermal insulation performance and mechanical properties, the failure period of the fire barrier is determined. The results show that the failure periods based on the impact strength and bending strength of the fire barrier are about 45.19 years and 15.07 years, respectively. The life of the fire barrier in the 220 kV and 110 kV high voltage cable tunnels is determined by the thermal insulation performance of the barrier, and the failure periods are 10.1 years and 11.4 years, respectively. The service life of the fire barrier of 35 kV cable tunnel is 17.19 years considering the thermal insulation performance, so its life is determined by the mechanical properties of the barrier, and the failure period is about 15.07 years. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Numerical study on fixed-mobile combination of smoke control in long-sloped interval tunnel fire Chen Zhengquan, Zhang Yuchun, Li Tao, Lu Xinxin 2025, 44 (5):  637-642.  Abstract ( 64 )   Metro long-gradient interval tunnel fire faces problems such as difficult evacuation of people, low smoke exhaust efficiency, and difficult rescue. Relying on the Longquanshan Tunnel Project, segmental modelling was carried out based on FDS, and the effect of fixation-movement combination of smoke control was investigated by analyzing the distance between the mobile fan and the train, D, and the fan axial height, H. The results show that the maximum ceiling temperature for a 10.5 MW fire at the bottom of the train is not higher than 100 °C under ventilated conditions; The mobile fan with an air output of 70 000 m3/h can effectively co-operate with ventilation to cut down smoke back-layering, and compared with fixed mechanical ventilation, the length of smoke back-layering can be shortened up to 189.2 m, which increases the safety space for firefighting and rescue in the upstream； The maximum ceiling temperature is controlled between 76~79 ℃ under fixation-movement combination; The wind speed in the tunnel section increases with the increase of H and the speed in the section is 2.43 m/s, with H=3.5 m; When D=100 m, H=3.5 m, the synergistic effect is the best, which provides reference for the design of rescue equipment of metro. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Overview of domestic and foreign rail vehicle fire protection standard systems based on systematical thinking Li Xuguang, Yu Quanlei, Zhu Guoqing, Zhao Zhen 2025, 44 (5):  643-649.  Abstract ( 51 )   This paper studied the fire hazard of rail vehicle and the technical standard system of fire prevention at home and abroad, and offered suggestions on standards and experiments. Based on systematical thinking and the first principles, the vehicle fire system and fire hazard were introduced, and the objects, scale levels, and corresponding fire hazard categories of vehicle fire experiments were summarized. In accordance with the fire scale levels and hazard categories, the main fire protection standards and test method standards for vehicles at home and abroad were analyzed and presented. The applicability, relevance, and standard suggestions of the test standards to the real fire scenarios were explored. In the subsequent process of formulating and revising standards, it is recommended that methods such as material non-combustibility and combustion calorific value be regarded as the preferred indicators, and methods like the flash point and ignition point of liquids, high-temperature oxygen index, high-speed gas oxygen index, ignitability with a radiant heat source, and the corrosiveness of smoke be taken into consideration. For component-level fire protection, attention should be focused on tests such as full-scale room fire test and SBI test, and special researches should be conducted on the structural fire resistance of hydrogen energy and lithium battery systems for vehicles. Through the coupling verification of experiments at all levels and numerical simulation methods, the research on full-scale vehicle fire test methods and standards in real dynamic scenarios should be advanced. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Discussion on the design of exhaust system for accidents after a fire in taotan wine warehouse Zhong Zhengqiang, Chang Fanzhong, Ming Xing, Zheng Bin, Shi Xunxian, Fan Tao 2025, 44 (5):  650-654.  Abstract ( 47 )   To study the design parameters of the exhaust air system for CO2 fire extinguishing in Taotan wine warehouse, according to the current national standards, the ventilation frequency, environmental wind speed, and exhaust parameters of the exhaust system after carbon dioxide fire extinguishing in a certain pottery wine cellar were calculated. The gas volume fraction distribution in the downwind direction after carbon dioxide emission was calculated using PHSAT software under three simulated operating conditions. According to the calculation results, when the air exchange rate of the wine cellar is 12 times/h, it is recommended that the wind speed of the exhaust outlet be 14.0 m/s, the exhaust outlet area be 0.13 m2, and the height of the exhaust outlet should be set at a distance of 2.1 m or more from the ground, with a minimum distance of not less than 6.4 m from key areas. The research results can provide effective data support for the design of exhaust systems after carbon dioxide fire extinguishing in wine warehouses, and provide reference for the rescue of wine warehouse fires. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Study on the spread of high-temperature smoke and heat radiation in enclosed subway carriages during a fire Wu Minsi, Dong Ke, Zhai Yue, Han Xinzhu, Zhu Xiaolong 2025, 44 (5):  655-662.  Abstract ( 46 )   In view of the lack of full-scale experimental studies related to the living conditions of people caused by fire in subway carriages, this paper studied the changes of environmental conditions in the fire scene inside subway carriages through full-scale experiments and numerical simulation based on the structure of Shenyang subway carriages. The harm of fire to human body was analyzed from four aspects: temperature, toxic gas, visibility and thermal radiation. The results show that the combustion power of fuel in closed subway carriages is significantly lower than that in open space due to the limited oxygen supply. The high temperature smoke spreads uniformly at the top of the carriage, and the spreading speed is positively correlated with the combustion power. The dimensionless fitting equation of temperature distribution above the fuel along the axial direction of the top of the carriages are obtained through the full-scale combustion experiment. Among the three combustibles set in this study, the order of harm to human body is 1 000 mL oil pan fire >500 mL oil pan fire > duffel bag. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Analysis of differences in air consumption rate of breath apparatus and rescue scenario simulation Li Weidong, Zhang Jianfu, Li Yu 2025, 44 (5):  663-668.  Abstract ( 55 )   The heart rate of participants and air consumption rate of breathing apparatus were monitored in real time under different fatigue levels and five typical tactical moves. The tactical moves were loaded traveling on a flat ground, low-posture searching, stretcher carrying, traveling in a confined space, and loaded stair climbing. As demonstrated by the results, the air consumption rate increased with increasing fatigue level and peaked at 3.02 MPa/min for loaded stair climbing under fatigue level Ⅴ; Meanwhile, the service life of the breathing apparatus was the shortest at approximately 9.93 min. A fire scenario simulation was conducted based on experimental data to solve the problem of significant differences between the actual and theoretical usage times of air respirators. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Study on the influence of heat recovery heat pump on the performance of fire hose drying system Shi Hao, Liu Long, Lei Xinyu, Zhao Zichen 2025, 44 (5):  669-674.  Abstract ( 41 )   In order to further improve the performance of the air-source heat pump fire hose drying device, a heat pump drying system with heat recovery was designed on the basis of the conventional closed heat pump drying system. The drying characteristics of the fire hose were analysed using an test comparison method, and the SMER, MER, coefficient of performance (COP), heat production, compressor energy consumption, fan energy consumption, and total energy consumption of the system were compared between the heat-recovery heat pump drying system and the conventional closed-type heat pump drying system at different air supply temperatures and speeds. The results showed that the SMER of the drying system increased by 12.7% to 21.4%, the MER increased by 7.1% to 15.1%, and the total energy consumption of the system decreased by 11.3% to 17.6% with the use of the heat recovery unit. Therefore, the use of heat recovery device will improve the performance of fire hose drying system. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Study on the detection of stain components in firefighting clothing Dong Qiqi, Yu Xi, Yu Chuanhua, Liu Jianli 2025, 44 (5):  675-680.  Abstract ( 56 )   The detection of stains component is an important basis for the scientific washing and disinfection of firefighting uniforms, at the same time, it' s also the main basis for carrying out secondary occupational exposure protection for firefighters. For this purpose, this study will use acetone, methanol, trichloromethane, n-hexane, and 2% nitric acid to extract and collect surface stains on firefighting suits. In addition, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were used to detect organic compounds, perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFAS), and heavy metal elements in the extracted stained samples. The experimental results showed that a total of 59 organic compounds, 6 PFASs, and 17 heavy metals were detected. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Evaluation of ready biodegradability of foam extinguishing agent and experimental validity research based on quartile method Yang Liang, Zhao Jing, Chen Peiyao, Zhang Beichen, 2025, 44 (5):  681-686.  Abstract ( 35 )   Foam extinguishing agent has been produced, stored and used in large quantities due to its excellent fire extinguishing performance, but it has attracted much attention due to the inevitable environmental burden in the whole life cycle of the product. In order to use foam extinguishing agent more safely and scientifically and improve the ecological friendly properties of the product, its biodegradability is effectively evaluated. In this paper the characteristics and applicability of the classic ready biodegradability test methods were compared, and the method operation was optimized and adjusted in combination with the product characteristics of foam extinguishing agent. The method validation was carried out with four foam extinguishing agent products, AFFF, AFFF/AR, FP and MJAP as representatives. In response to the problem of poor repeatability of biodegradation test results, repeated tests were conducted on each sample, and the classic quartile statistical method was used for data validity analysis. The principle of removing outlier data was obtained, which significantly improved the scientificity of biodegradation test data analysis and was conducive to the optimization and improvement of test. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Evaluation on the fire fighting efficiency for medium-scale typical oil fire and simulated oil storage tank fire of water-based types extinguishing agent Liu Huimin, Li Rongzhen, Zhao Jing, 2025, 44 (5):  687-692.  Abstract ( 36 )   In order to compare the fire extinguishing performance difference of foam fire extinguishing agents and water-based fire extinguishing agents on fighting mesoscale typical oil fire and large petrochemical storage tank fire, choose aqueous film-forming foam extinguishing agents and water based extinguishing agents, especially "new" water based extinguishing agents, built mesoscale fire model and simulate large petrochemical tank fire model to carry out the experimental study. By comparing 50% fire control time, 90% fire control time, extinction time and 25% burn-back time and the change of fuel surface temperature in the fire extinguishing process, the fire extinguishing performance of the above two water-based fire extinguishing agents is obtained. The research results show that the performance parameters of the aqueous film-forming foam extinguishing agents, including the expansion, 25% drainage time, fire control time, extinction time, especially 25% burn-back time are better than that of the water based extinguishing agent in mesoscale typical oil fire. In the fire fighting of simulated petrochemical storage tank fire, the fire control time and extinction time of the aqueous film-forming foam extinguishing agent are obviously better than that of water based extinguishing agent, which makes its fire extinguishing efficiency much higher than that of water based extinguishing agent. Therefore, it is suggested that foam extinguishing agent should be selected for large oil fires, especially petrochemical fires. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Study on the actual combat effect of compressed air foam fire extinguishing system in dealing with confined space fires Li Shaoning, Wang Jianyuan, Yang Shousheng 2025, 44 (5):  693-698.  Abstract ( 39 )   According to the disaster characteristics and main hazard characteristics of high-rise, underground, large-span and other confined space buildings after fire, combined with the actual needs, this paper uses the micro structure compressed air foam extinguishing system, and uses high-precision mixed compressed air foam system with particle size in the range of 100~200 μm to effectively suppress the fire in the confined space buildings, and investigates the actual impact of the gas-liquid ratio, gas-liquid mixing pressure, gas-liquid mixing speed and other related factors of the compressed air foam extinguishing system on the fire disposal process of confined space buildings. The results show that the compressed air foam has the corresponding advantages of sufficient foaming, uniform and delicate foam, good stability, high fire extinguishing efficiency, and strong anti reburning ability. When the gas-liquid ratio of the compressed air foam fire extinguishing system is 6:1, the gas-liquid mixing pressure is 0.9 MPa, and the gas-liquid mixing speed is 6 m3/s, the system achieves the best fire extinguishing efficiency, and has obvious effect on the practical disposal of building fires in confined space. The experimental results provide a basis for efficient fire scene disposal, combat organization, and other comprehensive fire extinguishing technical and tactical measures for frontline firefighting and rescue teams, which is conducive to promoting the effective improvement of the team's practical disposal efficiency. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Study on the physicochemical properties and fire extinguishing performance of novel zwitterionic fluorocarbon surfactants Zhang Yuqiang, Zhu Xinhua, Jia Xuhong 2025, 44 (5):  699-705.  Abstract ( 50 )   A series of betaine short chain fluorocarbon surfactants grafted with carboxyl groups of different carbon chain lengths were selected, and the corresponding aqueous film foam extinguishing agent was prepared. The physicochemical properties of the mixed systems of fluorocarbon surfactants and sodium hexanesulfonate were studied, including surface activity, spreading ability, foaming property and fire extinguishing property of foam extinguishing agent. The results show that the critical micelle concentrations of the mixed systems were lower than 5.85 mmol/L, and the surface tension were lower than 19.71 mN/m. The mixed systems of the three surfactants can spread on the fuel surface, the foam expansion is over 7.1, and the 25% drainage time is not less than 3.27 min. The fire extinguishing time on fuels is less than 53 s while the burn-back time is more than 15.09 min. The results imply a potential application prospect of carboxy betaine short chain fluorocarbon surfactants in AFFFs. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Study on electrical characteristics of wildfires fire plume under overhead distribution lines Wang Meng, Chen Long, Yang Sen, Chen Tianxiang 2025, 44 (5):  706-713.  Abstract ( 57 )   In recent years there have been numerous wildfire disasters caused by various factors, which have seriously affected the safe operation of overhead distribution lines. For single-phase ground faults caused by wildfire fire plume, we designed and constructed an experimental platform for fire plume breakdown characteristics as well as a simulation platform for wildfires in 10 kV and 35 kV distribution networks, studied the breakdown voltage characteristics of fire plume, the characteristics of leakage currents through the fire plume, and the characteristics of fire plume impedance under different vegetation types and different spacing, and analyzed the mechanism of the different fire plume electrical characteristics. The study shows that the lowest average breakdown voltage of the fire plume under the overhead line does not appear in the flame height at the highest stage, but appears in the flame bridging line and the flame height decreases in the stage; capacitance current has no significant effect on the amplitude of the leakage current flowing through the fire plume before the arc discharge; the fire plume transient impedance before the arc discharge shows a decreasing trend in general. The research in this paper can provide a reference for early warning of wildfire accidents under overhead distribution lines as well as for post-disaster accident cause determination. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Design of forest firefighting vehicle-mounted emergency communication system with Beidou RSMC Xu Can, Sun Shufa, Zhang Dongbo, Tian Jiarui 2025, 44 (5):  714-720.  Abstract ( 48 )   To address the issues of insufficient signal coverage and unstable communication in remote and complex forest areas using existing forest fire emergency communication methods, a forest fire vehicle emergency communication system based on Beidou satellite communication is proposed to enhance the emergency communication capabilities of firefighting teams. The designed system is based on the Regional Short Message Service (RSMC) provided by the Beidou Satellite Navigation System. The hardware architecture includes parameter acquisition, relay, and gateway nodes, and a complete communication link is constructed through sensor networks, LoRa wireless communication networks, and Beidou satellite communication networks. The entire process of simulating a fire was tested 3 660 times, and the overall communication success rate of the system was 9.42%. The experimental results show that the forest fire emergency communication system based on Beidou RSMC can establish a reliable communication link in an environment with limited ground networks, effectively meeting the emergency communication needs of forest fire operations.. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Discussion on information integrated management mode of emergency equipment and materials Ouyang Li 2025, 44 (5):  721-725.  Abstract ( 59 )   Emergency equipment and materials are the material basis for the fire rescue team to perform the comprehensive emergency rescue duty and mission of "all kinds of disasters and big emergencies". With the deepening reform and the in-depth development of specialization and professionalism of the fire rescue team, the types and quantity of emergency equipment and materials required for comprehensive emergency rescue will also show a surging trend. The information integration management mode is an effective technical means to eliminate the drawbacks of information silos between systems at present, and to achieve efficient, accurate, and visual management of emergency equipment and materials with a wide variety, large quantity, different service life, frequent updates, and dispersed deployment locations. It can meet the data information management needs of different business departments, improve the full lifecycle management level of emergency equipment and materials to improve overall support capabilities. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Emergency rescue work of London Fire Brigade and its implications Tang Wenli 2025, 44 (5):  726-730.  Abstract ( 79 )   This paper analyzes the emergency rescue work responsibilities and characteristics of the London Fire Brigade, highlighting its advanced experiences in fire hazard identification, fire safety education and training, and response to multiple disaster threats. The article proposes that China should draw on the practices of the London Fire Brigade by establishing a sound legal framework, clarifying responsibility attribution, formulating a long-term and dynamic integrated risk management plan, and innovating emergency response technologies to enhance the technological content of emergency response, in order to promote the internationalization of China's fire service and improve its fire emergency rescue capabilities. Related Articles | Metrics