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15 December 2021, Volume 40 Issue 12 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Waveform evolution characteristics and overpressure prediction model of premixed gas explosion in pipelines ZHU Chuan-jie, SUN Yu-min, LIN Bai-quan, JIANG Bing-you 2021, 40 (12):  1707-1710.  Abstract ( 1823 )   Numerical simulation, theoretical modeling, and experimental verification was used comprehensively to study the prediction method of gas explosion overpressure in pipelines. It is found that blast wave can be divided into three types, e.g. detonation wave, high speed deflagrate wave, and slow combustion wave. The blast wave reflects the relationship between flame combustion and explosion overpressure. A typical blast wave consists of three parts: front shock wave, flame compression wave, and rarefaction wave. Overpressure of front shock wave increases as explosion propagation, and its relationship with distance can be well characterized by a linear function. The relationship between secondary peak overpressure of the flame compression wave and the propagation distance can also be fitted by a linear function, but its waveform can be characterized by an exponential function. Finally, experiments verify the correctness of the blast waveform function proposed in this paper, which can well predict the evolution of explosion overpressure. The conclusion is basically the same as the numerical simulation. The research results can provide theoretical basis for prediction and damage assessment of explosion overpressure of combustible gas in pipelines or tunnels. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study of energy release from pyrolysis gas combustion of li-ion battery in confined space ZHANG Qing-song, ZHAI Qi-yue, ZHAO Zi-heng 2021, 40 (12):  1711-1714.  Abstract ( 1697 )   In order to quantify the influence of pyrolysis gas combustion of 18650 li-ion battery with 100% state of charge on the ambient temperature of confined space, a heat generation model of pyrolysis gas combustion of li-ion battery in confined space was established. The heat release rate of pyrolysis gas combustion was estimated based on the flame height, and the ambient temperature change caused by pyrolysis gas combustion in confined space was simulated by Fluent software. The results showed that the peak heat release rate of pyrolysis gas combustion is （312.26±23.41） W, the heat generated is （1 610.01±176.24） J，and the temperature rise in the confined space is 254.74 K. The simulation results are basically consistent with the experimental data, which verifies the reliability of the model. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on thermal management of li-ion battery based on the combination of phase change material and liquid cooling XU Yun-hao 2021, 40 (12):  1715-1717.  Abstract ( 1708 )   The combined cooling mode of phase change material and liquid cooling is an effective method for thermal management of li-ion battery at present. By comparing the battery temperature changes under the three working conditions of li-ion batteries：natural convection cooling, phase change material cooling，phase change material and liquid cooling combined cooling，the influence of phase change material and liquid cooling combined cooling on the thermal management and electrochemical properties effects of battery was analyzed. The results showed that the combination of phase change materials and liquid cooling can effectively reduce the temperature of li-ion battery, ensure that the battery is at normal working temperature, and the electrochemical performance of the battery is more stable. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on closed-cup flash point and sustained combustibility test of flammable dangerous liquids YUE Da-lei, DENG Liang-jian, YANG Bei, PENG Su-biao 2021, 40 (12):  1718-1722.  Abstract ( 3102 )   Closed-cup flash point is one of the important index to assess the flammable hazard of liquids, and the sustained combustibility test is used to determine if a substance sustains combustion when heated under the test conditions and exposed to a flame. By experiments the features of flammable dangerous liquids with closed-cup flash point below 35 ℃ and 55 ℃≤closed-cup flash point < 63 ℃ under different test standards and their sustained combustibility were explored. The results showed that: when the closed-cup flash point of liquid is below 35 ℃， the substance is essessed as not sustaining combustion,and it is proposed for the first time that the liquids can be classified as non-flammable liquids; The liquid is recommended to be classified as flammable liquid if the closed-cup flash point is 55 ℃≤closed-cup flash point < 63 ℃ and the closed-cup flash point is lower than 60 ℃ with a suitable testing method as well as the substance is essessed as sustaining combustion. This study will provide an important reference for further study on the test methods of risk assessment and classification for flammable liquids。 Related Articles | Metrics

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Numerical study on burning behavior of transformer bushing oil pool fire with different lip heights YANG Xian, CONG Wei, WANG Shu-ping, ZHOU Yong, LUN Zhi-yi, GUO Yi 2021, 40 (12):  1723-1727.  Abstract ( 1626 )   Taking a typical transformer oil-immersed paper bushing fire accident as the object, the FDS is used to study the influence of the lip height on the burning rate and flame height of the bushing oil pool fire. The results show that with the increase of lip height, both of the mass loss rate and heat release rate decay exponentially, and the combustion efficiency first decreases and then increases. A non-dimensional flame height prediction model coupling the size of the bushing and the lip height is proposed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Numerical simulation of concentration distribution of coal dust during feeding process and coal dust explosion in large coal silo MA Rui, WEI Yun, LIU Xuan-ya, CHEN Ye 2021, 40 (12):  1728-1731.  Abstract ( 1594 )   A numerical simulation of the concentration distribution of coal dust in the silo during the feeding process was carried out in this paper by using Fluent software, and then on this basis, a numerical simulation of the process of coal dust explosion was carried out based on the OpenFOAM platform, to guide the layout of related safety facilities in the large coal silo. The results show that the smaller the vertical space in the silo is, the more obvious the vertical concentration gradient of coal dust is, and the greater the average concentration in the space is. The mass fraction of coal dust on the vertical geometric centerline of the silo under the empty and half-full silo conditions reaches above 30% and 40% respectively. The smaller the vertical space in the silo is, the greater the maximum explosion temperature in the silo is, but the smaller the maximum explosion overpressure is. Under the empty and half-full silo conditions, the maximum explosion temperature reaches 2 000 K and 3 000 K respectively, and the maximum explosion overpressure is 1 MPa and 0.82 MPa respectively. It is recommended to install the coal dust concentration monitoring and early warning devices on the top of the silo and the upper part of the side wall, and install effective explosion venting devices on the top of the silo, in order to effectively prevent the risk and reduce the loss of silo explosion. Related Articles | Metrics

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Simulation research on anti-explosion capability of explosion-proof box of cable middle joint based on fluid-solid coupling WANG Zhong, HE Hao-hong, ZHOU Dong-dong, ZHAO Li-hua 2021, 40 (12):  1732-1738.  Abstract ( 1619 )   In order to analyze the anti-explosion capability of the explosion-proof box of the cable middle joint under the action of internal explosion, a numerical model of the cable middle joint with the explosion-proof box was established. The fluid-solid coupling method is used to simulate the explosion process of the typical structure of the explosion-proof box, and the influence of center radius ratios, end radius ratios, shapes, materials, and whether to fill sealant or not. The results show that the explosion center ring surface and both ends of the explosion-proof box shell are bearing the greatest impact, and should be enforced; the anti-explosion capability of the explosion-proof box increases a lot with the increase of the center radius ratio, and increases a little with the increase of end radius; the anti-explosion capability of the cylindrical explosion-proof box is better than stepped explosion-proof box under the same central radius; the aluminum-magnesium alloy explosion-proof box is blown up in the same simulation conditions, whose anti-explosion ability is worse than stainless steel; packing sealant helps a lot to the explosion-proof box, and the performance of filling polyurethane sealant is slightly better than that of filling epoxy sealant. Related Articles | Metrics

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Impact of the fire-shaft distances on the smoke flow properties in naturally ventilated tunnel fires GUO Qing-hua, SHI Jian-feng, YAN Zhi-guo, ZHU He-hua 2021, 40 (12):  1739-1742.  Abstract ( 1635 )   The impact of fire-shaft distance on the smoke flow properties and smoke exhaust efficiency in naturally ventilated tunnel fires was studied by numerical simulations. The fire–shaft distance and the cross-section of the shaft are taken into consideration. The numerical simulation results indicate that with the increase of the fire-shaft distances, the mass flow rates of the incoming smoke before the shaft increase, however the smoke exhaust efficiency and air entrainment of the shaft decrease. Besides, when a small fire-shaft distance is employed, more heat can be exhausted and lower temperatures downstream the shaft can be generated, and the smoke can be controlled within a small range. Moreover, as the shaft cross-section increases, the smoke exhaust efficiency of the shaft becomes great and more smoke can be exhausted under a wider shaft. From the resulted obtained in this work, when a large interval of adjacent shafts is set, it is suggested that a large shaft cross-section and a large shaft height be used. Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of the area and location of windows in facade fire spread WANG Hua-bing 2021, 40 (12):  1743-1746.  Abstract ( 1686 )   A three-dimensional model of a 20 story full-scale office building was built, and the influence of window on the vertical fire spread over the building facade was studied by setting different window area and location. It was found that: When the window area was larger, the vertical spread rate of fire was faster, and the indoor temperature raised faster. The large window-wall ratio accelerated the vertical spread of fire over the building facade. As the window moved upward in the vertical position, the ignition time of each floor increased. Related Articles | Metrics

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Fire separation problems in the process of protective exploitation of historical and cultural blocks CAI Lu, HAO Ai-ling, GUO Wei 2021, 40 (12):  1747-1750.  Abstract ( 1911 )   To solve the problems of the fire separation distance between new buildings, retrofit buildings and existing buildings in historical and cultural blocks, 3 typical building was selected to simulate the highest heat radiation intensity of adjacent building by FDS. The fire separation distance was 2.0,2.5,4.0,6.0 m. The results showed that when the spacing is 4.0 m, the radiant heat flux can reach or close to the ignite radiant heat flux of flammable furniture. When the spacing is 6.0 m, the radiant heat flux is lower than the ignite radiant heat flux of flammable furniture. On this basis, combined with the analysis of relevant code provisions and the requirements of the practical project, different technical measures such as no opening and staggered opening on the outer wall, setting fire doors and windows and / or setting sprinkler system are considered respectively, and correspondingly the fire separation requirements between new buildings, new buildings and reconstructed buildings, and existing buildings in historical and cultural blocks are suggested. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on classification method of hillside buildings fire-prevention LIAO Shu-jiang 2021, 40 (12):  1751-1753.  Abstract ( 1643 )   This paper analyzed relevant requirements of hillside building in the current firefighting technology specification.Considering various building forms of hillside fields, fire-prevention classification method and corresponding fireproofing design proposal of hillside buildings was put forward. Related Articles | Metrics

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Fire safety design of underground stadiums and gymnasiums in primary and middle schools under intensive construction ZHANG Mei-hong, CHEN Li-min 2021, 40 (12):  1754-1757.  Abstract ( 1675 )   Take underground stadiums in a school as an example, in view of its fire risk and personnel safety evacuation characteristics, difficulties in the main fire control design of underground sports venues was analyzed under the current specification system. From the fire partition division, personnel safety evacuation and other aspects of the overall fire safety guarantee measures were put forward. Through the simulation and analysis of the flue gas control and personnel safety evacuation, the overall effectiveness of the fire safety measures was verified. By controlling the fire load, with effective isolation belt setting and reasonable arrangement of safe evacuation exits, underground sports venues in primary and secondary schools can appropriately expand the area of fire zones, it does not affect the safe evacuation of personnel. Related Articles | Metrics

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The effect of fuel spacing on vertical spreading behavior of PMMA fire ZHANG Jia-yin 2021, 40 (12):  1758-1761.  Abstract ( 1599 )   PMMA(Polymethyl Methacrylate) panels (8 cm×10 cm×1 cm) are used as experimental materials to carry out vertical fire spread experiments with different fuel spacing (0~10 cm) to analyze changes in flame height, burning rate, pyrolysis front position and ignition delay time. It is found that with the increase of fuel spacing, the net flame height and burning rate of the solid surface both increase first and then decrease. In addition, the flame "ignition delay" occurs during the spreading process of the adjacent solid fuel surface, and its ignition delay time increases exponentially with the increase of the fuel spacing. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on axial compression properties and damage of concrete filled square or circular steel tube columns after being subjected to elevated-temperatures spray cooling SU Zan-yao, CHEN Zong-ping 2021, 40 (12):  1762-1769.  Abstract ( 1581 )   To investigate the difference of the mechanical behavior and damage evolution of concrete filled square and circular steel tubular columns(CFSST、CFCST) after high temperature and water spray cooling, 14 concrete filled square steel tubular columns and 14 concrete filled circular steel tubular columns were designed with different parameters as sectional form, high temperature, concrete strength, and cooling methods. The specimens after water spray cooling were tested under uniaxial compression, and the mechanical properties including peak stress, initial rigidity, ductility coefficient and energy dissipation coefficient of CFSST and CFCST were compared and analyzed. Determine the degree of damage of the specimen, compare the relationship between damage and temperature, and the evolution of residual bearing capacity with damage. The results indicated that: The peak stress, ductility, and energy dissipation of CFCST specimens are greater. As the temperature increases, the bearing capacity of CFCST specimens decreases more slowly, but the ductility and the energy dissipation capacity of CFSST specimens increases faster. Relative to CFCST specimens, the cooling method had more significantly influence on the ductility and energy consumption capacity of CFSST specimens. As the temperature increases, the damage of CFSST specimens increases faster, and the residual bearing capacity of CFSST specimens decreases linearly as the increase of the damage. Related Articles | Metrics

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Safety risk assessment of dangerous goods storage system based on ISM and Bayesian network LU Jian-feng, WANG Biao 2021, 40 (12):  1770-1774.  Abstract ( 1652 )   In order to prevent dangerous goods storage accidents, it is necessary to evaluate the safety risk of dangerous goods storage system. In order to reduce the randomness and uncertainty of safety risk assessment of dangerous goods storage system, ISM model and Bayesian network (BN) method were used for quantitative safety risk assessment.Based on grounded theory, the safety risk factors of dangerous goods storage system are identified, and the safety risk factors system of dangerous goods storage system is obtained.Based on ISM model, the Bayesian network model of dangerous goods storage system security risk was established. Using fuzzy set theory, the safety risk assessment model of dangerous goods storage system was constructed. The case application of the safety risk assessment model of dangerous goods storage system proves that the model was reasonable and effective. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the model and algorithm of evacuation route in chemical industry park XIE Wen-li, MAO Zhan-li 2021, 40 (12):  1775-1779.  Abstract ( 1661 )   Aiming at the problem of evacuation in chemical parks under emergency, this study is based on the network flow control theory. The concept of time window is used to conduct the problem of path conflict and channel obstruction in the process of evacuation, and the multiple sources model is established on the basis of Dijkstra algorithm. Focus on the algorithm and steps of the shortest path model for human evacuation. In addition, the model is verified with the example in a chemical park. The results indicate that the evacuation model and algorithm are feasible and effective, and can reliably shorten the time required for evacuation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Failure risk warning of buried gas pipeline based on time effect ZHU Qing-jie, YI Shan-wen, CHEN Yan-hua, LIU Ya-ting 2021, 40 (12):  1780-1783.  Abstract ( 1615 )   The failure risk early warning of buried gas pipeline plays an important role in the formulation of prevention and control plans and the guarantee of safe operation of pipelines. In order to improve the failure risk early warning level of buried gas pipeline under the influence of multiple factors, a time-effect early warning model of the failure risk of buried gas pipeline was proposed. The model incorporates the time effect of pipeline failure risk into the construction of failure early warning system, analyzes the time effect of influencing factors of buried gas pipeline failure by using grey system theory, develops a comprehensive failure probability time effect prediction model under the influence of multiple factors, and uses the failure probability conversion function to convert the estimated failure probability into annual failure probability, so as to realize the rapid determination of failure risk level and early warning level of gas pipeline. As an example, the model is applied to the failure risk early warning of a buried gas pipeline in Changzhou. The results show that the model is efficient and reliable. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the general aviation forest fire disaster relief decision model LUO Chen, PAN Wei-jun, ZHU Xin-ping, WANG Xuan 2021, 40 (12):  1784-1787.  Abstract ( 1594 )   In view of the need to make decision on general aviation dispatch before forest fire disaster relief, and the characteristics that personal subjective experience of decision-makers and objective observation data of fire site are mixed in the decision evaluation process, the main and objective interwoven action and decision-making process were described by establishing a double membership function. The idea of evidence conflict in the evidence theory was used for reference. The hesitant affiliation function projection method was constructed to carve and solve the problem of hesitant orthogonalization in the actual decision-making process. The log-growth weight model was established to describe the timing characteristics of the information transfer in the forest fire, and the dynamic weight of the information was given accordingly. Finally, an example was given to prove the validity of the algorithm. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on portable width and narrow fusion emergency communication equipment LI Wen-feng, HOU Feng-xin, ZHANG Jin-gui, YU Xiang-chuan 2021, 40 (12):  1788-1792.  Abstract ( 1680 )   In view of the short transmission distance of the existing emergency communication equipment, complex system deployment, and rear command and dispatch settings, this paper proposes a portable width and narrow fusion emergency communication command system applied to the emergency rescue site in combination with the current width and narrow fusion cluster scheme and portable emergency communication equipment. The system adopts PDT+LTE solution and soft switch technology based on SIP to realize the unified management of broadband and narrowband cluster users, mixed call, multimedia cluster scheduling and other integrated services. The results show that the system has the characteristics of integrating width and narrowness, integrating communication and dispatching, self-supplied power, portable, pull and use, free deployment, and covers an area of 15~20 km. At the same time, the system can also use the LTE private network base station plas the backpack-type Mesh remote scheme to expand the area of accident rescue, ensure rescue communication, and realize the two-level distributed scheduling between the accident site and the front command and rear command. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis and research on li-ion battery fire suppression technology for energy storage system LIN Zhen, TIAN Hao, ZHOU Xiao-rong, ZHOU Bin 2021, 40 (12):  1793-1796.  Abstract ( 1814 )   Li-ion battery energy storage technology is one of the most promising technologies in the field of energy storage, but the safety problem has always been the main challenge for its large-scale popularization and application. By understanding the?characteristics of different batteries, focusing on the fire characteristics of li-ion batteries, the author summarizes the latest progress in the fire safety research of li-ion battery electric energy storage system, and analyzes the current fire safety status of li-ion battery energy storage system from the aspects of applicability of fire extinguishing agent and development process of fire extinguishing device. This study can provide support of prevention and emergency response to li-ion battery fire accidents. Related Articles | Metrics

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Flame-retardant textile-based triboelectric nanogenerator for fire escape and rescue YANG Qi-rong, XUE Xiao-fei, SHEN Tong-qiang 2021, 40 (12):  1797-1799.  Abstract ( 1610 )   A kind of flame-retardant textile-based triboelectric nanogenerator with flexible, flame retardant and noise reduction is proposed. The fiber strips composed of five layers of PTFE/silicone rubber layer, conductive cloth layer, PI layer, conductive cloth layer and flame-retardant fabric layer are prepared by traditional weaving process. The experimental results show that the open circuit voltage and short circuit current of the flame-retardant textile-based triboelectric nanogenerator(5 cm × 5 cm)are about 145.25 V and 3.25 μA, respectively. In the tap/release operating mode of the frequency range 0.5~3.0 Hz, the open circuit voltage is independent of the tapping frequency, whereas the short circuit current increases with the increase of loading frequency. The experimental result is consistent with the theoretical analysis. Meanwhile, the instantaneous power can achieve a peak value of 141.63 μW when the external load resistance is 130 MΩ.The flame-retardant textile-based triboelectric nanogenerator is used as decorative carpet material in intelligent fire escape and fire rescue system. The mechanical energy generated by walking or running makes the escape arrow light up, making it easier to find the shortest escape route. For people who cannot escape in time, the flame-retardant textile-based triboelectric nanogenerator can be knocked to send out a signal for help, so that firefighters can achieve accurate positioning search and rescue. Related Articles | Metrics

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Accelerated UV ageing behaviors of transparent intumescent fire-retardant coatings YAN Long, TANG Xin-yu, XIE Xiao-jiang, XU Zhi-sheng 2021, 40 (12):  1800-1803.  Abstract ( 1574 )   UV accelerated aging test was applied to analyze the influence of ageing conditions on the morphology, adhesion classification, fire resistance and char formation of amino transparent intumescent fire-retardant coatings. The results showed that the coatings appear obvious cracks and bubbles after ageing treatment, accompanying with the degradation of structural integrity and fire resistance. The incorporation of polyethylene glycol borate（PEG -BA）is beneficial to decrease the cracking, blistering and powdering of the coatings, thus imparting superior durability of fire resistance to the resulting coatings. The aging resistance performance of the coatings depends on the content of PEG -BA. When 20% PEG -BA is added, the resulting coating shows the adhesion classification of 2B rating and the equilibrium backside temperature of 184.1 ℃ after 11 aging cycles, corresponding to the best anti-aging performance. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the explosion characteristics and safety of refrigerant R290 and its mixture JI Jia-xin, WANG Wan-ning, LIANG Dong, 2021, 40 (12):  1804-1807.  Abstract ( 1735 )   The proportion range of R290（Propane）was determined according to the thermophysical parameters after mixing with physical inhibitor CO2 and chemical inhibitor R13I1（iodotrifluoromethane）. The experimental results showed that the mixture of R13I1 and R290 have the capacity to replace the traditional refrigerant, and the ratio could be determined by the thermophysical parameters of the existing refrigerant to be replaced. The explosion parameters of R290 mixed with CO2 and R13I1 were measured by combustible gas / vapor explosion test device. According to the experimental result, when the volume fraction of CO2 and R13I1 to R290 were 26.5% and 6.42% respectively, R290 was no longer explosive. At the same time, for R290, the theoretical formula for predicting the minimum inert concentration of chemical inhibitors was derived. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the synergistic flame retardancy of ferric phenylphosphonate/DOPO in epoxy resin composites WANG Yuan, ZHANG Cai-jiao, LIU Hong, KONG Qing-hong 2021, 40 (12):  1808-1813.  Abstract ( 1648 )   Using phenylphosphonic acid and ferric nitrate as raw materials, ethanol and ethylene glycol as solvents, polyvinylpyrrolidone and hexamethylenetramine as surfactant and coordination agent, the layered compound iron phenylphosphonate (FePP) was prepared by mixed solvent method and then added into epoxy resin (EP). The thermogravimetric (TG) results showed that FePP could improve the thermal stability of EP. At the same time, the UL-94 level of EP/4FePP passed V-1, and the limit oxygen index (LOI) increased accordingly. In order to further improve the flame retardant performance of EP, FePP was mixed with phosphorus containing flame retardant DOPO to flame retardant EP. The test results showed that EP/3DOPO/1FePP nanocomposite can pass UL-94 V-0, and the LOI value was up to 34.5%. The peak heat release rate (PHR) and total heat release rate (THR) decreased by 28.4% and 18.1%, respectively, compared with pure EP. This was mainly because FePP can degrade into oxides containing phosphorus and metal during combustion, which promotes rapid carbonization of polymer. Moreover, DOPO can capture free radicals in gas phase, inhibit the chain reaction, and inhibit combustion. So as to achieve the gas phase and condensation phase co-effect flame retardant effect. Related Articles | Metrics

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Discussion on fire-caused building collapse cases and in-situ emergency rescue strategies… DAI Jun-wu, WANG Li-cheng 2021, 40 (12):  1814-1817.  Abstract ( 1736 )   This paper summarized the change trends of fire accidents in recent years in China, collected 20 cases of fire-caused building collapse events associated with casualties since 1994. The collapse mechanism was analyzed from four correlated aspects such as the building functionality, structural type, collapse characteristics and time of collapsing. The actual fire-resistance duration limit for different type of building structures as well as the collapse causes were statistically summarized and discussed. Moreover, the in-situ fire fight and rescue strategy for typical building structures were suggested. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the problem of sending social organizations to participate in rescue after disaster WU Qi-ming, WANG Hui-ying 2021, 40 (12):  1818-1821.  Abstract ( 1572 )   Aiming at the problem of post-disaster rescue dispatch of social organizations, this paper analyzed the skills of social organizations and the emergency needs of disaster areas, proposed a post-disaster rescue dispatch model based on the strength of social organizations. Taking the rescue benefit as the optimization goal, used the improved simulated annealing algorithm to solve it. The case analysis results showed that the rescue dispatch model can effectively solve the problem of social organizations participating in rescue dispatch in disaster areas, and also verify the feasibility of the improved algorithm. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the success probability of fire fighting and rescue in traditional village timber work dwellings ZUO Lin-yang, LI Pei-jian, SONG Zhi-gang, ZHANG Jian 2021, 40 (12):  1822-1825.  Abstract ( 1584 )   This paper is to study the success probability of fire brigade extinguish the traditional village timberwork building fire and the remaining load time of element under fire. The Fire Brigade Intervention Model (FBIM) and Benichou model were combined to determine the success probability of firefighting. Based on this, Monte Carlo simulation was used to analyze the influence of relevant parameters’ uncertainty. Finally, the success probability of firefighting and the element’s remaining load time when the fire brigade intervened was. The above method was used to analyze the typical timberwork dwellings in a village. Based on the traffic data and the fire brigade training data, the distribution of the firefighting success probability and the element remaining load time was calculated. The results show that: Due to the short flashover time and long distance of firefighting, the firefighting success probability is only 44.5%. When the fire brigade arrives, the remaining load time of the floor is less than 5 minutes. From the perspective of firefighting and rescue, the firefighting distance should be shortened and the micro-fire station should be added to improve the success probability of firefighting. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of 3D visualization technology in hospital fire emergency management YANG Fan, HU Bo, WANG Man, JU Mu 2021, 40 (12):  1826-1828.  Abstract ( 1575 )   Hospital is the key unit of fire safety, perfect fire emergency management system is significant for the disposal of fire emergency accidents. The construction of fire emergency management of a hospital in the preparation of emergency plans was introduced, the three-dimensional visualisation technology in the information system management platform was applied, in order to innovative fire emergency plan management mode and improve the emergency response capabilities of personnel. It can provide references for fire emergency management and safety risk prevention of hospitals. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on fire safety risk and countermeasures of cold storage in Shanghai LI Wei-min 2021, 40 (12):  1829-1831.  Abstract ( 1742 )   The fire safety risks of cold storage are caused by the stored goods and structural characteristics of cold storage, the use of ammonia refrigeration system, the functional changes and large-scale development in recent years, as well as the illegal reconstruction and inadequate management with the rapid development of the industry. The most common fire causes are the non-standard hot work and construction management. Combined with several typical cold storage fires and special investigation of cold storage in Shanghai, this paper makes an in-depth analysis of the existing fire safety risks and puts forward countermeasures, hoping to provide reference for preventing and resolving major fire safety risks. Related Articles | Metrics

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Safety management of chemical industry park in Yangpu economic development zone in Hainan province WANG Zheng 2021, 40 (12):  1832-1836.  Abstract ( 1652 )   The safety management model of Yangpu chemical industry park is compared with the international and domestic top-ranking chemical industry park. Based on the present situation and future development trend of Yangpu economic development zone, this paper finds out the management experience matching with the reality of Yangpu economic development zone from the practices of international parks and offers some suggestions for safety management of Yangpu chemical industry park. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the causes of spontaneous combustion of SBS TIAN Gui-hua, WANG Xin, CHEN Ying-chun, WANG Yu-ling 2021, 40 (12):  1837-1840.  Abstract ( 1825 )   For the cause analysis of difficult fires and the in-depth investigation of accident causes, investigators and technical appraisers need to find out the direct and indirect evidence that can prove the fire. In this paper, by means of video analysis, isothermal microcalorimetry experiment, volatile content determination, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and other technical means, through multi-level and multi- angle comparative analysis and research on thermoplastic elastomer (SBS) in a warehouse fire, the fire causing substances are given, the specific causes of heat release of SBS are analyzed, and the factors affecting the stability of SBS are given, the cause and mechanism of spontaneous combustion were explored. The analysis and research results show that the SBS involved not only releases heat at low temperature, but also continuously releases heat. The material itself has good heat storage conditions and fully meets the conditions for spontaneous combustion. It is comprehensively analyzed that the fire is caused by spontaneous combustion of SBS. Related Articles | Metrics

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The influence of heating rate on the metallographic structure of insulation piercing connectors ZHAO Yan-hong, ZHANG Zhi-bin, CAO Xu-dong 2021, 40 (12):  1841-1844.  Abstract ( 1587 )   The influence of heating rate on the metallographic structure of JJC1-35 insulation piercing connectors with poor contact beads under different heating conditions was simulated by changing the heating rate under the metallurgical microscope with heating stage. The results show that the average grain range of the metallographic structure will increase with the increase of temperature, the grain intercept will increase with the increase of the heating rate, and the grain size will decrease with the increase of the heating rate. The pores of the metallographic structure gradually shrink with the increase of the heating temperature, and the shrinking speed increases with the increase of the heating rate. The study provides a more scientific basis for the identification of such fire physical evidence. Related Articles | Metrics

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Fire cause identification and analysis of a car accident FAN Qi-ming 2021, 40 (12):  1845-1847.  Abstract ( 1734 )   The investigation process of a car fire accident while driving was introduced. The fire propagation and cause were analyzed comprehensively by means of fire scene examination, interviews and identification of material evidence, and the possible fire causes of electrostatic failure，lightning, spontaneous combustion and arson were excluded. The evidence chain is formed by the fire cause analyses and the witness testimony to result in the fire cause of the oil pipe leaking in the engine compartment and catching fire when encountered electric spark. The accident reason and investigation experience were also put forward. Related Articles | Metrics

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Electrostatic discharge energy detection method based on voltage charge method XU Le, LOU Ren-jie, ZOU Yi-ying, WANG Da-wei 2021, 40 (12):  1848-1851.  Abstract ( 1629 )   The traditional electrostatic discharge energy detection methods mostly rely on empirical formula, which is simple and has large calculation error. This paper designed and built an experimental system according to the principle of calculating electrostatic discharge energy by voltage charge method, developed the electrostatic discharge energy calculation software based on MATLAB APP Designer, and verified the scientific nature of this method by combining electrostatic accident investigation examples. It provides technical means for the prevention and investigation of electrostatic accidents. Related Articles | Metrics