主管：中华人民共和国应急管理部
主办：应急管理部天津消防研究所
ISSN 1009-0029  CN 12-1311/TU
消防科学与技术

消防科学与技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (6): 43-48.DOI: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.06.0043.06

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锂离子电池火灾早期预警内置传感技术

李昌豪1, 张东升2, 张广泰3, 曹元成4, 程琦5,6   

  1. （1.国网安徽省电力有限公司电力科学研究院 安徽省新型电力系统火灾安全与应急技术重点实验室（国家电网公司输变电设施火灾防护实验室），安徽 合肥 230601； 2.合肥国轩高科动力能源有限公司，安徽 合肥230088； 3.常州博瑞电力自动化设备有限公司，江苏 常州 213025； 4.华中科技大学，湖北 武汉 430074； 5.湖北大学 微电子学院，湖北 武汉 430062； 6.宜昌邦普循环科技有限公司，湖北 宜昌 443215）
  • 收稿日期:2025-06-09 修回日期:2025-09-02 出版日期:2026-06-15 发布日期:2026-06-15
  • 作者简介:李昌豪，国网安徽省电力有限公司电力科学研究院，主要从事储能安全防护技术研究，安徽省合肥市经济技术开发区紫云路299号，230601。
  • 基金资助:
    国网安徽省电力有限公司科技项目（52120523000X）

Built-in sensing technologies for early warning systems in lithium-ion battery fires

Li Changhao1, Zhang Dongsheng2, Zhang Guangtai3, Cao Yuancheng4, Cheng Qi5,6   

  1. (1. State Grid Anhui Electric Power Research Institute, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Safety and Emergency Technology for New Power Systems (State Grid Fire Protection Technology Center for Transmission and Distribution Facilities), Hefei Anhui 230601, China; 2. Hefei Gotion High-tech Power Energy Co., Ltd., Hefei Anhui 230088, China; 3. NR Electric Power Electronics Co., Ltd., Changzhou Jiangsu 213025, China;4. Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan Hubei 430074, China; 5. Faculty of Physics and Electronic Science, Hubei University, Wuhan Hubei 430062, China; 6. Yichang Brunp Recycling Techno-logy Co., Ltd., Yichang Hubei 443215, China)
  • Received:2025-06-09 Revised:2025-09-02 Online:2026-06-15 Published:2026-06-15

摘要： 锂离子电池的热失控预警是新能源汽车安全管理的核心挑战。传统外置传感器难以捕捉电池内部早期故障特征，而内置传感技术通过将微型化传感器植入电池内部关键区域，实现了对温度、应变、气体等多参数的原位、实时监测，显著提高了预警时效性与准确性。本文综述了内置传感技术的最新进展，包括光纤光栅应变传感器、柔性薄膜温度传感器及其多功能集成系统，重点分析了其在热失控早期信号捕捉中的性能优势。同时，探讨了该技术在实际应用中面临的材料兼容性、结构集成、多信号解耦、信号传输和长期可靠性等关键挑战，并指出融合智能算法与多物理量感知是构建下一代电池主动安全体系的重要方向。

关键词: 锂离子电池, 内置传感器, 热失控预警, 多参数监测, 光纤光栅, 柔性传感

Abstract: Thermal runaway early warning for lithium-ion batteries remains a critical challenge in the safety management of new energy vehicles. Conventional external sensors are limited in their ability to detect internal early fault indicators, whereas built-in sensing technology enables in-situ and real-time monitoring of multiple parameters, such as temperature, strain and gas, by embedding miniaturized sensors into critical internal regions of the battery, thereby significantly improving the timeliness and accuracy of early warnings. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advances in built-in sensing technologies, including fiber Bragg grating strain sensors, flexible thin-film temperature sensors, and their multi-functional integrated systems, with particular emphasis on their effectiveness in detecting early thermal runaway signals. Additionally, the paper critically analyzes key challenges encountered in practical applications, such as material compatibility, structural integration, multi-signal decoupling, signal transmission reliability, and long-term operational stability. It further emphasizes that the integration of intelligent algorithms with multi-physical sensing represents a promising approach for developing next-generation active battery safety systems.

Key words: lithium-ion battery, built-in sensor, thermal runaway warning, multi-parameter monitoring, fiber Bragg grating(FBG), flexible sensing