主管：中华人民共和国应急管理部
主办：应急管理部天津消防研究所
ISSN 1009-0029  CN 12-1311/TU
消防科学与技术

消防科学与技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (8): 98-106.DOI: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.08.0098.09

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燃料类型和载荷对上坡地表火蔓延特性影响研究

孙龙1,2, 齐振博1,2, 郭瀚文1,2   

  1. （1.东北林业大学 林学院，黑龙江 哈尔滨 150040； 2.森林生态系统可持续经营教育部重点实验室（东北林业大学），黑龙江 哈尔滨 150040）
  • 收稿日期:2025-06-03 修回日期:2025-09-21 出版日期:2026-08-15 发布日期:2026-08-15
  • 作者简介:孙龙，东北林业大学林学院，教授，博士，主要从事森林火灾防控与林火生态研究，黑龙江省哈尔滨市香坊区和兴路26号，150040。

Experimental investigation of the effect of fuel type and load on the spread characteristics of upslope surface fires

Sun Long1,2, Qi Zhenbo1,2, Guo Hanwen1,2   

  1. (1. College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin Heilongjiang 150040, China; 2. Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management(Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin Heilongjiang 150040, China)
  • Received:2025-06-03 Revised:2025-09-21 Online:2026-08-15 Published:2026-08-15

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摘要： 地表火是森林火灾蔓延的主要形式。现有地表火的研究多集中于低坡度和风速耦合作用对地表火蔓延特征的影响，关于载荷和坡度耦合作用对地表火蔓延特征影响的研究较为欠缺。本试验基于可调节坡度的地表火蔓延试验平台，开展了不同坡度（0°、20°、30°、40°）、载荷（0.8、1.0、1.2 kg/m2）和燃料种类（红松、蒙古栎）的火蔓延对比试验。系统分析了火线形态演变、火几何特征参数、蔓延速率及火羽流温度等关键指标的变化规律。试验发现，在变坡度地表火蔓延过程中，火线夹角形态从初始状态过渡到稳定状态所需时间与坡度呈反比关系；当坡度≤30°时，火焰倾角随坡度的增加而减小，而坡度>30°时，坡度对火焰倾角的影响略微降低。此外，不同燃料种类也会对蔓延速率和火焰长度产生影响：在相同工况下，红松的火焰长度和蔓延速率均优于蒙古栎。当坡度>30°时火焰蔓延速率显著增加。此外，通过相关性分析，评估坡度、载荷等因素对火蔓延特征参数的影响，发现坡度对火焰倾角、火焰长度、火蔓延速率以及火线夹角具有显著影响；燃料载荷主要决定火焰长度、蔓延速率以及燃烧温度。

关键词: 地表火, 坡度, 载荷, 火几何特征, 蔓延速率, 相关性分析

Abstract: The propagation of forest fires is primarily characterized by surface fires. A substantial body of research has been devoted to investigating surface fires, with particular attention paid to the interactive effects of low slope angles and wind on their propagation characteristics. In contrast, studies on the coupled effects of fuel load and slope on surface fire spread characteristics remain relatively limited. In this study, a slope‑adjustable experimental setup was used to conduct comparative experiments on surface fire spread under varying slope angles (0°, 20°, 30°, 40°), fuel loads (0.8, 1.0, 1.2 kg/m²), and fuel types (Pinus koraiensis and Quercus mongolica). Quantitative analyses were performed on the evolution of fire front shape, flame geometry parameters, rate of fire spread, and flame plume temperature. The results revealed that the time required for the fireline pinch‑shaped front to transition from its initial state to a steady state during surface fire spread on a variable slope exhibited a negative correlation with slope angle. When the slope angle was below 30°, its influence on the flame inclination angle was relatively weak; however, when the slope angle exceeded 30°, this influence became even less pronounced. Additionally, fuel type notably affected both the spread rate and flame length. Under identical operating conditions, the flame length and spread rate of Pinus koraiensis were greater than those of Quercus mongolica. The spread rate increased significantly when the slope angle exceeded 30°. Furthermore, correlation analysis was used to evaluate the effects of slope angle and fuel load on the characteristic parameters of fire spread. The results showed that slope angle significantly influenced flame angle, flame length, spread rate, and combustion temperature, whereas fuel load mainly determined flame length, spread rate, and combustion temperature.

Key words: surface fire, slope, fuel load, flame geometry parameters, rate of spread, correlation analysis