火灾探测技术研究进展：从传统探测报警到潜伏期监测预警

消防科学与技术 ›› 2025, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (9): 1176-1183.

火灾探测技术研究进展：从传统探测报警到潜伏期监测预警

付腾1，2，3，4, 王俊胜5, 成艳英6, 王玉忠1，3，4

（1.四川大学先进高分子材料全国重点实验室，四川成都 610065；2.四川大学高分子研究所，四川成都 610065； 3.四川大学环境与火安全高分子材料省部共建协同创新中心，四川成都 610065； 4.四川大学环保型高分子材料国家地方联合工程实验室，四川成都 610065； 5.应急管理部天津消防研究所，天津 300381；6.成都市消防安全治理技术保障中心，四川成都 610405）

收稿日期:2025-07-09 修回日期:2025-08-07 出版日期:2025-09-15 发布日期:2025-09-15
作者简介:付腾，四川大学先进高分子材料全国重点实验室研究员，博士，主要从事火灾安全材料、器件及仪器研究，四川省成都市一环路南一段24号，610065。
基金资助:
四川省重点研发项目（2024YFFK0402）

Advances in fire detection technologies: From conventional alarm systems to latent period monitoring and early warning

Fu Teng1,2,3,4, Wang Junsheng5, Cheng Yanying6, Wang Yuzhong1,3,4

(1. State Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymer Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan 610065, China; 2. Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan 610065, China; 3. Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan 610065, China; 4. National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan 610065, China; 5. Tianjin Fire Science and Technology Research Institute of MEM, Tianjin 300381, China; 6. Chengdu Fire Protection and Rescue Research Center, Chengdu Sichuan 610405, China)

Received:2025-07-09 Revised:2025-08-07 Online:2025-09-15 Published:2025-09-15

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 先进的火灾探测与预警技术是实现源头控制、有效遏制火情发展的关键手段。本文系统梳理了火灾的发展过程与宏观特征，分析了影响火灾探测器件响应时间的3个关键因素，分别为特征致灾信号产生时间、信号传递时间与探测器响应时间，总结了传统探测与预警技术的基本原理及其局限性；进一步介绍了潜伏期火灾预测预警器件与系统的构建策略，该策略依赖于对可燃物燃烧机理，尤其是初始热解与燃烧阶段的深入认知，并需识别特定环境中典型的痕量致灾信号；最后，展望了火灾探测预警技术的未来发展方向，即向专用化、高灵敏度与高准确度持续演进。

关键词: 火灾探测；监测预警；燃烧机理；探测器件；潜伏火灾

Abstract: Advanced fire detection and early-warning technologies are critical for source-level risk control and timely intervention. This article systematically reviews the developmental stages and macroscopic characteristics of fires, and identifies three key factors governing the response time of detection systems: the onset time of characteristic hazardous signals, their propagation time to the detector, and the intrinsic response time of the device. The fundamental principles and inherent limitations of conventional detection and alarm technologies are summarized. Building on an in-depth understanding of the combustion mechanism of combustibles, especially the initial pyrolysis and combustion stages, design methodologies for devices and systems capable of detecting latent-stage fires are further introduced. These approaches rely on the precise recognition of trace-level hazardous signals specific to the combustion context, too. Finally, we outline future trends in fire warning technologies, which are expected to evolve towards greater specialization, sensitivity, and accuracy.

Key words: fire detection; monitoring and early warning; combustion mechanism; sensing devices; latent fire

付腾，王俊胜, 成艳英, 王玉忠. 火灾探测技术研究进展：从传统探测报警到潜伏期监测预警[J]. 消防科学与技术, 2025, 44(9): 1176-1183.

Fu Teng, Wang Junsheng, Cheng Yanying6, Wang Yuzhong,. Advances in fire detection technologies: From conventional alarm systems to latent period monitoring and early warning[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2025, 44(9): 1176-1183.