主管：中华人民共和国应急管理部
主办：应急管理部天津消防研究所
ISSN 1009-0029  CN 12-1311/TU
消防科学与技术

消防科学与技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (6): 8-18.DOI: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.06.0008.11

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航空锂离子电池热失控分级预警技术研究

杨娟1,2, 吴明皓3, 刘添添4, 张青松1,3   

  1. （1.中国民航大学 天津市城市空中交通系统技术与装备重点实验室，天津 300300； 2.中国民航大学 工程技术训练中心，天津 300300； 3.中国民航大学 安全科学与工程学院，天津 300300； 4.商飞时代（上海）航空有限公司，上海 200000）
  • 收稿日期:2025-04-16 修回日期:2025-07-02 出版日期:2026-06-15 发布日期:2026-06-15
  • 作者简介:杨娟，中国民航大学工程技术训练中心副教授，硕士，主要从事航空锂电池安全性与适航研究，天津市东丽区津北公路2898号中国民航大学北校区，300300。
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目（U2033204）；中央高校基本科研业务费自然科学重点项目（3122024058）；天津市城市空中交通系统技术与装备重点实验室开放基金项目（TJKL-UAM-202302）

Research on the grading and early warning technology of thermal runaway for aviation lithium batteries

Yang Juan1,2, Wu Minghao3, Liu Tiantian4, Zhang Qingsong1,3   

  1. (1. Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Air Mobility System Technology and Equipment, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China; 2. Engineering Technology Training Center, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China; 3. School of Safety Science and Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China; 4. Shanghai Neo Thrust Aviation Company Limited, Shanghai 200000, China)
  • Received:2025-04-16 Revised:2025-07-02 Online:2026-06-15 Published:2026-06-15

摘要： 锂电池安全性是电动航空器适航认证的核心要求，开发有效的热失控预警系统对保障航空锂电池系统安全具有重大意义。本研究通过试验分析锂电池电化学阻抗谱（EIS）中阻抗相角随温度及荷电状态(SOC)的变化，通过热失控试验平台实时监测在特征频率下锂电池热触发过程中交流阻抗的变化, 同时监测电池安全阀开启后热失控早期排出的有机溶剂气体的拉曼光谱变化。试验结果表明，200 Hz频率下阻抗相角与电池温度强相关，且受电池荷电状态影响较小；确定以电池阻抗幅值最低值及此时的相角作为一级预警特征点、以幅值的增长作为二级预警特征点、以电压的骤减作为三级预警特征点、通过气体分析选择有机溶剂峰高差最低值358 a.u及N2特征峰高差131 a.u为气体四级预警特征点。综合电池阻抗、电压和早期热失控气体等多参数特征值，提出锂电池热失控4级预警策略，为航空锂电池热失控预警设计提供参考。

关键词: 航空锂电池, 热失控, 分级预警, 交流阻抗, 拉曼光谱

Abstract: The safety of lithium batteries is a core requirement for the airworthiness certification of electric aircraft. Developing an effective thermal runaway early warning system is of great significance for ensuring the safety of lithium battery systems in aviation. This study analyzes the changes in the impedance phase angle of lithium battery electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with temperature and state of charge (SOC) through experiments. A thermal runaway experimental platform is used to monitor the changes in AC impedance during the thermal triggering process of lithium batteries at characteristic frequencies in real time. At the same time, the Raman spectrum changes of organic solvent gases discharged in the early stage of thermal runaway after the battery safety valve is opened are monitored. The experimental results show that the impedance phase angle at a frequency of 200 Hz is strongly correlated with battery temperature and is less affected by the state of charge of the battery. The minimum value of battery impedance amplitude and the phase angle at this time are determined as the first-level early warning characteristic points, the sudden increase in amplitude as the second-level early warning characteristic points, the sharp drop in voltage as the third-level early warning characteristic points, and the minimum peak height difference of organic solvent of 358 a.u and the peak height difference of N₂ of 131 a.u selected through gas analysis as the fourth-level early warning characteristic points for gas. An integrated four-level early warning strategy for lithium battery thermal runaway is proposed based on the multi-parameter characteristic values of battery impedance, voltage, and early thermal runaway gases, which provides a reference for the design of early warning systems for thermal runaway in aviation lithium batteries.

Key words: aerospace lithium battery, thermal runaway, tiered early warning, alternating current impedance, Raman spectros copy