主管：中华人民共和国应急管理部
主办：应急管理部天津消防研究所
ISSN 1009-0029  CN 12-1311/TU
消防科学与技术

消防科学与技术 ›› 2025, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (11): 1611-1618.

• • 上一篇    下一篇

环境温度对过充条件下锂离子电池热失控特征的影响

李德成1, 巩耀2, 彭伟2,3, 张少杰2   

  1. （1.淮南市消防救援支队，安徽 淮南 232000； 2.安徽理工大学 安全科学与工程学院，安徽 淮南 232000； 3.安徽理工大学 公共安全与应急管理学院，安徽 合肥 231131）
  • 收稿日期:2024-12-24 修回日期:2025-05-27 出版日期:2025-11-15 发布日期:2025-11-15
  • 作者简介:李德成，淮南市消防救援支队高级工程师，博士，主要从事消防安全研究，安徽省淮南市田家庵区春华街与国槐路交叉口西南侧，232000。

Effect of ambient temperature on thermal runaway characteristics of lithium-ion batteries under overcharging conditions

Li Decheng1, Gong Yao2, Peng Wei2,3, Zhang Shaojie2   

  1. (1. Huainan Fire and Rescue Division, Huainan Anhui 232000, China; 2. School of Safety and Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan Anhui 232000, China; 3. School of Public Safety and Emergency Management, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Hefei Anhui 231131, China)
  • Received:2024-12-24 Revised:2025-05-27 Online:2025-11-15 Published:2025-11-15

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摘要： 为了探究环境温度对方形三元锂离子电池过充过程中安全性能的影响，以1.5C的充电倍率将锂离子电池过充至热失控，通过分析不同环境温度（30、40、50 ℃）下电池热失控时间、电压、不同位置表面温度、热失控产生的气压及气体成分等，选取具有代表性的特征值，研究这些特征值随环境温度改变的变化趋势和变化程度（即对环境温度改变的敏感度）。结果表明：过充条件下，环境温度升高会加快热失控进程，加剧热失控的风险；副反应的产气和排气显著影响电池的温度和电压行为；电池大部分位置的表面温度随着环境温度的提升而升高，然而，电池最大侧表面中心的最高温度会随着环境温度的升高而降低；随着环境温度升高，CO和CO2的体积分数升高，CH4的体积分数则有所降低；不同特征值对环境温度的敏感度不尽相同。因此，根据不同特征值随环境温度的变化特点有针对性地制定相应的安全报警阈值才能更好地应对环境温度的变化。

关键词: 锂电池, 热失控, 过充, 环境温度

Abstract: In order to investigate the influence of ambient temperature on the safety performance of square ternary lithium-ion batteries during overcharging, the lithium-ion batteries were overcharged to thermal runaway at a charging multiplication rate of 1.5C, and some representative characteristic values were selected by analyzing the time of thermal runaway of the batteries at different ambient temperatures（30, 40, 50 ℃）, the voltage, surface temperatures at different locations, and the air pressure and gas composition generated by thermal runaway. We investigated the trend and the magnitude of change of these characteristic values （i.e., the sensitivity to the change of ambient temperature） with the change of ambient temperature. The results show that under overcharging conditions, the increase in ambient temperature accelerates the thermal runaway process and exacerbates the risk of thermal runaway. The gas production and exhaust of the side reactions significantly affect the temperature and voltage behaviors of the battery. The higher the ambient temperature, the shorter the time required for thermal runaway. The surface temperatures at most locations of the battery increase with the increase of the ambient temperature. However, the maximum temperature at the center of the battery's surface at the largest side decreases with the increate of ambrent temperature. As the ambient temperature increases, the volume fraction of CO and CO2 increase, while the concentration of CH4 decreases. The sensitivity of different characteristic values to ambient temperature varies. Therefore, according to the characteristics of different characteristic values with the change of ambient temperature, it is necessary to formulate the corresponding safety alarm thresholds in order to better cope with the change of ambient temperature.

Key words: lithium-ion battery, thermal runaway, overcharge, ambient temperature