主管：中华人民共和国应急管理部
主办：应急管理部天津消防研究所
ISSN 1009-0029  CN 12-1311/TU
消防科学与技术

消防科学与技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (2): 39-48.

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锂离子电池衰减机理及老化前后热失控行为研究进展

杨明1, 黄旭2, 陆晖1, 薛峰2, 程旭东2, 付阳阳3   

  1. （1.中国能源建设集团广西电力设计研究院有限公司，广西 南宁 530007； 2.中国科学技术大学 火灾安全全国重点实验室，安徽 合肥 230026； 3.合肥工业大学 汽车与交通工程学院，安徽 合肥 230009）
  • 收稿日期:2024-09-29 修回日期:2024-10-23 出版日期:2026-02-11 发布日期:2026-02-15
  • 作者简介:杨 明，中国能源建设集团广西电力设计研究院有限公司，高级工程师，主要从事给排水与消防方面的研究，广西壮族自治区南宁市西乡塘区心圩街道高新区西九路18号，530007。
  • 基金资助:
    广西重点研发计划项目（桂科AB24010223）

Research progress on degradation mechanism and thermal runaway behaviors before and after aging of lithium-ion batteries

Yang Ming1, Huang Xu2, Lu Hui1, Xue Feng2, Cheng Xudong2, Fu Yangyang3   

  1. (1. China Energy Engineering Group Guangxi Electric Power Design Institute Co., Ltd., Nanning Guangxi 530007, China; 2. State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei Anhui 230026, China; 3. School of Automotive and Transportation Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei Anhui 230009, China)
  • Received:2024-09-29 Revised:2024-10-23 Online:2026-02-11 Published:2026-02-15

摘要： 锂离子电池使用过程中，循环次数和使用时间增加会导致其不同程度的老化。老化后锂离子电池在机械、电和热滥用下更易发生自产热和热失控，热稳定性和安全性均降低。因此，为保证锂离子电池使用过程中的安全性，亟须开展衰减机理探究和老化前后热失控行为差异性分析。本文回顾了近年来锂离子电池衰减机理以及热失控的相关研究，首先系统介绍了循环老化和日历老化两类途径下锂离子电池在高低温、过充以及高充放电倍率等滥用条件下的容量衰减规律和老化机理，然后对锂离子电池的热失控机制进行综合分析，包括其热失控过程行为与各阶段的主要化学反应。同时着重对比了国内外学者对不同老化途径下锂离子电池老化前后热失控行为的研究成果，探究了导致锂离子电池热失控行为差异的本质原因，并分析了目前研究存在的不足，最后展望了未来的研究重点。

关键词: 锂离子电池, 老化, 热失控, 安全性, 火灾

Abstract: During the service life of lithium-ion batteries, the increase in cycle numbers and service time will lead to battery aging at varying degrees. Aged lithium-ion batteries are more prone to self-heating and thermal runaway (TR) under mechanical, electrical and thermal abuse conditions, with their thermal stability and safety performance both degraded. Therefore, to ensure the safety of lithium-ion batteries during operation, it is urgent to explore the degradation mechanism and analyze the differences in thermal runaway behaviors before and after aging. This paper reviews the relevant research on the degradation mechanism and thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries in recent years. Firstly, it systematically introduces the capacity degradation laws and aging mechanisms of lithium-ion batteries under abuse conditions such as high/low temperature, overcharge and high charge-discharge rates via two aging pathways: cycle aging and calendar aging. Then, a comprehensive analysis of the thermal runaway mechanism of lithium-ion batteries is carried out, including the thermal runaway process behaviors and the main chemical reactions in each stage. Meanwhile, the research results of domestic and foreign scholars on the thermal runaway behaviors of lithium-ion batteries before and after aging under different aging pathways are emphatically compared, and the intrinsic causes leading to the differences in thermal runaway behaviors of lithium-ion batteries are explored. The deficiencies existing in the current research are put forward, and the research priorities in the future are prospected finally.

Key words: lithium-ion battery, aging, thermal runaway, safety, fire