主管：中华人民共和国应急管理部
主办：应急管理部天津消防研究所
ISSN 1009-0029  CN 12-1311/TU
消防科学与技术

消防科学与技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (6): 49-54.DOI: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.06.0049.06

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不同种类盐溶液浸泡后锂离子电池热失控特性试验研究

彭伟1,2, 朱思婷1, 张少杰1   

  1. （1.安徽理工大学 安全科学与工程学院，安徽 淮南 232001； 2.安徽理工大学 公共安全与应急管理学院，安徽 合肥 231131）
  • 收稿日期:2025-03-19 修回日期:2025-05-19 出版日期:2026-06-15 发布日期:2026-06-15
  • 作者简介:彭伟，安徽理工大学安全科学与工程学院教授，主要从事火灾防治方面的研究，安徽省淮南市田家庵区泰丰大街168号，232001。
  • 基金资助:
    安徽高校自然科学研究项目（2024AH040063）；安徽理工大学2024年研究生创新基金项目（2024cx2168）

Experimental study on the thermal runaway characteristics of lithium-ion batteries after immersion in different types of salt solutions

Peng Wei1,2, Zhu Siting1, Zhang Shaojie1   

  1. (1. School of Safety Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan Anhui 232001, China; 2. School of Public Safety and Emergency Management, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Hefei Anhui 231131, China)
  • Received:2025-03-19 Revised:2025-05-19 Online:2026-06-15 Published:2026-06-15

摘要： 为了探究锂离子电池在不同浸泡条件下的热失控特性，以18650型三元锂离子电池为研究对象，分析了不同种类盐溶液浸泡后锂离子电池的性能变化和热失控过程中的表面温度特性。结果表明，不同种类盐溶液浸泡对锂离子电池的腐蚀和放电作用有所差异，试验所选3种盐溶液中对锂离子电池放电和腐蚀作用最强的为NaCl溶液。3种盐溶液浸泡后的锂离子电池均能发生热失控。浸泡时间增长，触发锂电池热失控所需的时间和温度增加。浸泡时间为2 h时，NaCl溶液和Na2SO4溶液浸泡后锂离子电池的热失控起始温度较干电池相比有所增加，但经Na2CO3溶液浸泡后的电池热失控起始温度降低。浸泡后锂离子电池热失控最高表面温度均高于干电池，温度由高到低对应的盐溶液为NaCl、Na2SO4和Na2CO3。盐溶液浸泡虽然一定程度上提高了锂离子电池热失控起始温度，但因浸泡导致的腐蚀会增大锂离子电池的热失控危险性。因此，涉水锂离子电池的安全处理需要同时考虑受损程度及电荷状态，综合判断其发生热失控时的危险性。

关键词: 锂离子电池, 热失控, 盐溶液, 浸泡, 温度

Abstract: To investigate the thermal runaway characteristics of lithium-ion batteries under different immersion conditions, this study takes the 18650 ternary lithium-ion battery as the research object and analyzes its performance changes after immersion in different types of salt solutions, as well as its surface temperature characteristics during thermal runaway. The results show that the corrosive and discharge effects of different salt solutions on lithium-ion batteries vary. Among the three salt solutions tested, NaCl solution exhibits the strongest effect on the discharge and corrosion of the batteries. Lithium-ion batteries soaked in all three salt solutions can undergo thermal runaway. As the immersion time increases, both the time required and the onset temperature for triggering thermal runaway increase. When the immersion time is 2 h, the initial thermal runaway temperature of batteries soaked in NaCl and Na2SO4 solutions is higher than that of dry batteries, while that of batteries soaked in Na2CO3 solution is lower. Moreover, the maximum surface temperature of lithium-ion batteries during thermal runaway after immersion is higher than that of dry batteries, with the peak temperature decreasing in the order of NaCl, Na₂SO₄, and Na₂CO₃ solutions. Although salt solution immersion raises the thermal runaway onset temperature of lithium-ion batteries to a certain extent, the corrosion caused by the solution increases the risk of thermal runaway. Therefore, the safe disposal of water-exposed lithium-ion batteries requires simultaneous consideration of the degree of damage and the state of charge to comprehensively assess the risk of thermal runaway.

Key words: lithium-ion batteries, thermal runaway, salt solution, immersion, temperature