主管：中华人民共和国应急管理部
主办：应急管理部天津消防研究所
ISSN 1009-0029  CN 12-1311/TU
消防科学与技术

消防科学与技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (6): 19-26.DOI: 10.20168/j.1009-0029.2026.06.0019.08

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基于多参数耦合的不同荷电状态下锂离子电池热失控预警研究

张博雅, 邢志祥, 刘烨铖, 韩涵   

  1. （常州大学 安全科学与工程学院，江苏 常州 213164）
  • 收稿日期:2025-04-16 修回日期:2025-07-02 出版日期:2026-06-15 发布日期:2026-06-15
  • 作者简介:张博雅，常州大学安全科学与工程学院硕士研究生，主要从事新能源安全方面的研究，江苏省常州市武进区滆湖中路1号常州大学武进校区，213164。
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目（2022YFB4002803）；江苏省安全应急装备技术创新中心（BM2022013）；江苏省“科研与实践创新计划”（SJCX24_1573）

Research on early warning of thermal runaway of lithium-ion battery at different state of charge based on multi-parameter coupling

Zhang Boya, Xing Zhixiang, Liu Yecheng, Han Han   

  1. (School of Safety Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou Jiangsu 213164, China)
  • Received:2025-04-16 Revised:2025-07-02 Online:2026-06-15 Published:2026-06-15

摘要： 锂离子电池在发生热失控的过程中会伴随着温度升高、电压骤降和体积膨胀等信号变化，因此研究锂离子电池热失控过程中各信号的变化规律对电池性能及安全预警具有重要意义。本文以三元/石墨体系电池作为研究对象，探究了在不同荷电状态下（0%、25%、50%、75%、100%）电池热失控过程中温度信号、电压信号、膨胀力信号的变化规律，并提出一种基于多参数耦合的三级预警方案。结果表明，随着电池荷电量增加，锂离子电池触发热失控的时间缩短，电池热失控时的最高温度升高，膨胀力变化更迅速、应力峰值越高，究其原因是高荷电状态电池储存的能量更多，使得热失控过程中的内部化学反应更加剧烈。同时，研究发现在锂离子电池热失控过程中膨胀力变化的时间比温度/电压信号提前约300 s，以膨胀力为主的三级预警方法为采取控制措施提供了充分的时间。

关键词: 锂离子电池, 热失控, 荷电状态, 早期预警, 膨胀力

Abstract: Thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries is accompanied by signal variations such as temperature rise, voltage drop, and volume expansion which are of great significance for battery performance evaluation and safety warning. In this paper, lithium-ion batteries with a ternary/graphite system are taken as the research object. The variation characteristics of temperature, voltage and expansion force signals during thermal runaway are explored at different state of charge (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%), and a three-level early warning scheme based on multi-parameter coupling is proposed. The results show that with the increase of state of charge, the thermal runaway trigger time of lithium-ion batteries is shortened, the maximum temperature during thermal runaway is increased, and the expansion force changes more rapidly with a higher stress peak. The reason is that batteries at higher state of charge store more energy, leading to more intense internal chemical reactions in the thermal runaway process. Meanwhile, it is found that the variation of expansion force precedes temperature and voltage signals by approximately 300 s during thermal runaway. The three-level early warning method dominated by expansion force provides sufficient time for implementing control measures.

Key words: lithium-ion battery, thermal runaway, state of charge, early warning, expansion force