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15 December 2025, Volume 44 Issue 12 Previous Issue   

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Study on key parameters of self-extinguishing fire in semi-enclosed tunnels using water curtain blocking system Wang Lingxiang, Zhang Jihe, Dai Zheng, Chen Zixin, Yu Longxing 2025, 44 (12):  1731-1739.  Abstract ( 292 )   This paper systematically investigates the self-extinguishing effects of water curtain blockades in fires within semi-enclosed tunnel using numerical simulation methods. To evaluate the impact of different water curtain parameters on fire self-extinction, a coefficient Kw was proposed based on the oxygen consumption method, defined as the ratio of theoretical extinguishing time to actual extinguishing time. The results show that particle size does not significantly affect Kw within the droplet size of 200~400 μm, but a relatively higher self-extinguishing effect is observed at 300 μm; Compared to complete enclosure (partition wall blockage), water curtain blockades promote fire self-extinction under high HRR (10~30 MW), while they may exert some inhibitory effects under low HRR (5 MW); With a particle size of 300 μm, as the spray pressure increases from 0.01 MPa to 0.40 MPa, Kw first rises and then stabilizes. When the spray pressure reaches a certain threshold, further increasing the pressure has a diminishing effect on self-extinguishment but significantly enhances the attenuation of ceiling temperature; In cases where self-extinction can be achieved, increasing the number of water curtain rows may lead to a decrease in , although additional rows enhance the thermal decay of high-temperature smoke, the improvement is relatively limited. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on fire performance and thermal burn-through characteristics of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy laminate Zhou Liang, Cai Faming, Zhang Tong, Jiang Huiling 2025, 44 (12):  1740-1746.  Abstract ( 69 )   To explore the application potential of a glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composite in autonomous seaworthiness, extensive studies have been conducted on its fire performance and thermal stability through tests including oxygen index, vertical combustion and the thermal degradation behavior under four heating rates of 10, 20, 30, 40 ℃/min. The kinetic parameters of thermal degradation were calculated by Kissinger method. In the study of thermal burn-through, glass fiber-reinforced epoxy laminates with four different thickness of 1, 2, 3, 4 cm were selected to carry out cone calorimeter test under an irradiation level of 50 kW/m2. A tailor-made sample box embedded with thermocouples enabled simultaneous recording of surface, internal, and bottom temperatures under unilateral radiation heating. Finally, based on one-dimensional heat transfer theory, a temperature response model was developed to predict the thermal burn-through behavior of the material. Results indicated a high oxygen index of 48.4%, reaching the UL94 V-0 grade, and the activation energy of the composite is 190.31 kJ/mol, underscoring its excellent fire performance and high thermal stability. Thicker samples exhibited enhanced burn-through resistance. The established temperature response model is effective in forecasting the thermal burn-through behavior of the glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composite under unilateral radiation heating. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the spreading characteristics of spill fire with different mixing ratios of n-butanol and ethanol Ding Chao, Xiao Kang, Liu Xianshuang, Song Xiaokang, Guo Xinyan, Ma Shuangyang 2025, 44 (12):  1747-1753.  Abstract ( 74 )   In order to study the influence of different fuel mixture and fuel leakage rate on the spreading characteristics of spill fire, this paper conducts research on the combustion characteristics of n-butanol-ethanol mixed fuel spill fire with different mixing ratios and leakage rates based on a spill with dimensions of 100 cm×4 cm. The results show that during the forward process, the spreading pattern of the mixed fuel spill fire flame changes with the increase of the fuel leakage rate, dividing into three modes, "jump-recoil-crawl", "jump-crawl", and "uniform spreading", and there will be no "recoil" phenomenon as the mixing ratio increases; for the same leakage rate of the mixed fuel, the flame height decreases as the n-butanol-ethanol mixing ratio increases; the spreading velocity of the mixed fuel spill fire after adding ethanol to n-butanol increases, and the average spreading speed increases by 46.55% when the mixing ratio rises from 10：0 to 10：4; under the same leakage rate conditions the temperature and radiant heat flux density in the spill fire area decrease as the n-butanol-ethanol mixing ratio increases. Related Articles | Metrics

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Thermal analysis simulation and flammability evaluation of central fuel tank for civil aircraft based on Fluent Chen Nongtian, Su Qingyu, Zhang Yucheng, Li Linlin 2025, 44 (12):  1754-1758.  Abstract ( 61 )   As a key focus of airworthiness safety, the fuel tank's flammability is a crucial factor affecting flight safety. To investigate the flammability of the central fuel tank of a certain aircraft under specific flight envelopes without adopting flammability reduction measures (FRM), considering the fuel consumption during the flight, a heat transfer model and a two-phase flow model of the central fuel tank were established. A three-dimensional simulation of the fuel temperature heat transfer process was conducted, and the simulation data were compared with flight test data to verify the accuracy of the model and the credibility of the simulation results. The flammability exposure time of the fuel tank was calculated based on the flammable temperature limit of RP-3 fuel, and the flammability of the fuselage fuel tank was assessed in accordance with the flammability exposure time specified by relevant airworthiness standards. The results show that the error between the simulated fuel temperature data and the flight test data is small, and the maximum relative error is not more than 10.24%, indicating high reliability. Under the selected flight phase time calculation domain, the flammability exposure time of the fuselage fuel tank is 76.7%, posing an extremely high flammability risk. Therefore, monitoring the fuel temperature and adopting FRM for the fuselage fuel tank are crucial. Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation into the interference effects of textile substrates in the identification of gasoline combustion residues Han Yun, Xu Jie, Sun Zhijuan, Du Yu , Zhou Wen, Wei Zhen 2025, 44 (12):  1759-1766.  Abstract ( 47 )   Gasoline, as a common accelerant, requires precise identification of its combustion residues, which is crucial for the investigation of fire-related cases. Due to significant variations in characteristic components caused by different residual-adhering substrates, source identification is rendered considerably challenging. This study employed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to analyze the characteristic components of the residues after the combustion of gasoline alone and in combination with cotton, nylon, polyester, and linen fabrics, revealing significant interference effects of substracts on gasoline combustion byproducts. Research findings indicate that the combustion products of various fabrics mixed with gasoline exhibit distinct specificity. After blending cotton fabric with gasoline, the characteristic intermediate products such as esters and phenols originally present in the fabric disappear, leaving polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as the predominant residue. The addition of alcohols was observed upon mixing nylon with gasoline, accompanied by a significant increase in both the variety and abundance of aromatic hydrocarbons, naphthalenes, and polycyclic aromatic hy⁃ drocarbons. Polyester, when blended with gasoline, undergoes a transformation wherein acids and esters are con⁃ verted into aromatic compounds, while the combination of their cleavage radicals generates a novel sub-stance (9-fluorenemethanol). The combustion of gasoline in the presence of flax fabric results in the complete elimination of naphthalene compounds that are typically generated during standalone gasoline combustion. This study elucidates the specific interference mechanisms of four common textile materials on gasoline combustion residues, providing critical forensic indicators for practical case investigations. These findings substantially en-hance the scientific validity and reliability of fire debris analysis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Fire-resistance analysis of load-bearing CLT walls protected by bio-based insulation board Pan Yanchong, Jing Baocheng, Xiang Kai, Qiu Peifang, Yang Dongdong 2025, 44 (12):  1767-1776.  Abstract ( 49 )   Bio-based insulation boards, with excellent thermal insulation and environmental benefits, could be utilized as protective layers for cross-laminated timber (CLT) load-bearing elements. However, current research on the fire performance of CLT elements is insufficient, especially regarding the protection mechanisms and effectiveness of bio-based materials for CLT walls. This study has developed a sequential thermo-mechanical finite element model for CLT walls with bio-based protection. Based on the model, systematic investigations were carried out to evaluate the effects of fire protection thickness, thermal conductivity, peeling behavior, peeling time, number of CLT laminae, wall dimensions, load ratio, etc., on the temperature, deformation, charring rate, and fire resistance rating of CLT walls. Results show a linear relationship between CLT wall fire resistance rating and protection thickness (positive), protection thermal conductivity and load ratio (negative). A 150-min fire resistance target is achievable only when the thermal conductivity of the bio-based material remains constant. The charring rate of walls with bio-based protection differs from that of gypsum-board and cannot be assessed using the EC5 model. This research provides a foundation for optimizing bio-based fire-CLT composite structures and developing relevant standards. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of millimeter wave radar in monitoring the collapse of truss building in fire Zhang Hao, Yang Xiaolin, Wen Jinglin, Ma Haitao 2025, 44 (12):  1777-1782.  Abstract ( 56 )   Millimeter-wave radar can obtain high-frequency, high-precision deformation displacement data, but because the radar can only obtain the target radial deformation component, it is urgent for radar distributed network monitoring to obtain the target three-dimensional deformation. In this paper, the self-developed ground-based millimeter-wave radar system is firstly briefly introduced, and then a three-dimensional deformation displacement and spectral monitoring method of the target at the special point of the building structure is proposed on the basis of the RF signal model of the system, and then the fire collapse monitoring and early warning test is carried out for truss factory buildings, and the three-dimensional deformation results of the key targets of the building structure are obtained through the synchronous monitoring of the 3 radars. The study shows that the distributed network monitoring of millimeter wave radar can effectively obtain the three-dimensional deformation components of the target at the special point of the building under the real fire scene, and provide effective data input for the monitoring and warning model of building fire collapse, which can be popularized and applied in the future in the aspects of emergency rescue and health monitoring of building engineering. Related Articles | Metrics

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Diffusion law of hydrogen and personnel evacuation path planning of hydrogen storage tank leakage in hydrogen refueling stations Yao Yongzheng, Tan Luyao, Pan Aolan, Hu Maowei 2025, 44 (12):  1783-1789.  Abstract ( 74 )   To prevent safety accidents resulting from hydrogen storage tank leakage, the CFD software was used to establish a numerical model for the leakage and diffusion of 20 MPa storage tanks in hydrogen refueling stations. The impacts of explosion-proof walls, leakage diameters, and ambient wind speeds on hydrogen leakage diffusion were analyzed. Furthermore, based on the numerical simulation results, the improved A* algorithm was adopted to plan the evacuation path of personnel in the hydrogen refueling station. The results show that after hydrogen strikes explosion-proof walls, its diffusion path of hydrogen is altered. Most of hydrogen diffuses along the left and right sides of the wall, preventing the expansion of the flammable area. The closer to the explosion-proof walls, the larger the profile of the flammable hydrogen cloud, and the greater the risk of explosion. The larger the leakage diameter, the larger the flammable area formed, and the greater the volume of flammable hydrogen gas cloud. When the leakage diameter reaches 5 mm, the flammable area expands to other working units. When the leakage diameter reaches 10 mm, the flammable area expands to the outside of the hydrogen refueling station. When the leakage diameter is 2 mm, the excessively high ambient wind velocity along the leakage direction （5, 8 m/s） is introduced, which is conducive to the diffusion of hydrogen above the explosion-proof wall along the leakage direction. However, the hydrogen is hard to diffuse below the explosion-proof wall, resulting in the accumulation of flammable hydrogen clouds. The diffusion range of hydrogen concentration at 1% volume fraction is defined as the hazardous area. Considering the influence of factors such as wind direction and wind velocity, the improved A* algorithm is adopted to realize the optimal evacuation path planning for maintenance and inspection personnel of hydrogen refueling stations. Related Articles | Metrics

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Fire protection renovation design of cultural relic buildings and existing buildings based on different fire performance objectives Chen Li, Chen Juanjuan, Fang Zheng 2025, 44 (12):  1790-1796.  Abstract ( 63 )   In order to resolve the fire protection design difficulties of different construction projects in urban renewal development，this paper puts forward that the fire protection design should be carried out according to the different protection requirements and performance objectives, and the fire protection safety of the whole building should also be considered, the fire protection design ideas and methods are put forward for this kind of special construction projects for the activation and utilization project of the combination of cultural relics and existing buildings. At the same time, this paper selected a project as the research object, and put forward different fire-fighting compensation strategies for different areas and overall fire-fighting promotion measures. Firstly, the effectiveness of fire compensation measures were verified by FDS and Pathfinder; The overall fire safety level of the optimized design was calculated by the fire safety assessment, the fire safety level means the project had the technical conditions of fire safety for using, and was not lower than the original fire safety level. It provides reference for similar renovation projects. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progressive collapse resistance of beam-column substructures with bolt-welded hybrid connections after fire exposure Peng Jun 2025, 44 (12):  1797-1805.  Abstract ( 39 )   To investigate the progressive collapse resistance of steel frame structures after fire exposure, pushdown loading tests were conducted on beam-column substructures with bolt-welded hybrid connections and middle column failure, under both ambient and post-fire conditions. The study examined the resistance mechanisms and failure modes during the collapse process. The test results showed that under ambient conditions, the substructure failed at the first row of bolts, while the post-fire substructure failure occurred closer to the beam-column connection. Compared to ambient conditions, the catenary effect in the later stages of loading showed significant degradation in the post-fire substructure, with ultimate load and ultimate displacement decreasing by 13.7% and 16.9%, respectively. Additionally, a refined numerical model was developed using the finite element software ABAQUS, and its accuracy was validated against the experimental results. The study was then extended to explore the effects of three reinforcement methods-cover plate reinforcement, rib plate reinforcement, and web plate reinforcement-on the progressive collapse resistance of post-fire substructures. The finite element results indicated that all three reinforcement methods enhanced the collapse resistance and deformation capacity of the substructures with bolt-welded hybrid connections effectively. Related Articles | Metrics

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Interfacial splitting characteristics and microscopic mechanisms of alkali-activated ECC repair materials and concrete after high-temperature deterioration Chen Qingwei, Qu Zhanfei, Yin Liang, Liu Jiyi 2025, 44 (12):  1806-1810.  Abstract ( 36 )   Alkali-Activated Slag-Based Engineered Cementitious Composites (AAS-ECC) combines the high toughness advantage of ECC with the rapid hardening, early strength development and low-carbon properties of alkali-activated slag cementitious materials, making it a high-performance repair material with great potential. However, the interfacial bonding mechanism between AAS-ECC and concrete substrate as well as the high-temperature degradation mechanism remain unclear. To address this, 90 composite specimens of ordinary concrete repaired with AAS-ECC were subjected to high-temperature resistance tests, interfacial splitting tensile strength tests after high-temperature exposure, and microscopic analysis tests. The influence mechanisms of AAS-ECC water-binder ratio and matrix strength grade on the interfacial bonding strength of composite specimens under different temperature conditions were investigated. The results show that the interfacial splitting tensile strength of the repaired specimens decreases with the increase of AAS-ECC water-binder ratio. It exhibits a variation law of first increasing and then decreasing with the rise of temperature. Increasing the strength grade of ordinary concrete can enhance the interfacial bonding strength of the repaired specimens. The research results provide data support for the extended application of AAS-ECC in repair engineering and high-temperature environments. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on modular design of compartment fire behavior training containers Wang Fangyi, Wang Pei, Zhang Wenshu 2025, 44 (12):  1811-1817.  Abstract ( 49 )   In recent years, Compartment Fire Behavior Training (CFBT) and related training facilities have begun to gain attention and gradually formed a scale. An increasing number of fire and rescue teams have included CFBT in their team building and practical training. Due to factors such as team building capacity, facility construction standards, and training objectives, the design of CFBT containers faces issues of single functionality, lack of standardization, and low utilization rate. Starting from the actual needs of the team, this paper presents a structural modular design for the overall facilities and supporting facilities. Meanwhile, the common training content of CFBT and the results of fire data analysis in recent years are summarized to carry out functional modular design. Finally, based on the modular design content, a complete set of CFBT container design schemes is proposed to promote the standardization of such training facilities, ensure the safety of CFBT, and improve the effectiveness of CFBT. Related Articles | Metrics

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Finite element analysis and testing of fire resistance performance of extra-large fire door Song Lidan, Wang Fengfeng 2025, 44 (12):  1818-1822.  Abstract ( 48 )   In order to optimize the design and development of extra-large fire doors, a double-leaf steel fire door with dimensions of 4 600 mm (width) × 5 000 mm (height) was designed and manufactured. Fire resistance tests were conducted, and the finite element method was applied to perform steady-state and transient thermal analysis of the extra-large fire door. The fire resistance performance was characterized by measuring the temperature on the backfire side, verifying the effectiveness of the finite element method in fire door design. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the extinguishing performance of different types of compressed gas foam for n-pentane fires Wang Yuwei, Chen Tao, Zhang Peng, Meng Fei 2025, 44 (12):  1823-1829.  Abstract ( 39 )   In order to study the fire extinguishing effect of compressed gas foam with different gas sources on low boiling point flammable liquid fires, the fire extinguishing performance of compressed gas foam based on different types of gas on n-pentane fires is studied by an experimental model of a 1 m2 tank fire using a positive pressure multi-agent combined foaming device. The types of gas sources suitable for the n-pentane fuel with low boiling point are discussed. The results indicate that compressed argon foam, compressed nitrogen foam and compressed air foam can extinguish n-pentane fires and have good resistance to reignition under the condition that the foam solution foam application rate is 10 L/(min·m2)；carbon dioxide had poor compatibility with existing aqueous film-forming foam, resulting in significant defoaming effects, and the 25% liquid separation time was only 86 s, which was unable to successfully extinguish the fire; under the same test conditions, the fire control and extinguishing performance of compressed argon foam was the best, with a 90% fire control time of 45 s and an extinguishing time of 118 s. The research can provide technical support for the application of compressed gas foam system in petrochemical industry. Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental study on the combination of water mist and compressed air foam to extinguish indoor transformer fire Lyu Da, Zhang Yujia, Wang Yani, Xie Huan, Zhang Changyang, Zhao Jinlong 2025, 44 (12):  1830-1836.  Abstract ( 49 )   Indoor substations often adopt high-pressure fine water mist systems as their primary fire extinguishing systems, while some projects also use Compressed Air Foam Systems (CAFS) as supplementary fire extinguishing measures. However, the effectiveness of combined use of these two fire extinguishing systems is unclear. To investigate the efficacy of extinguishing transformer fires using a combined fine water mist-Compressed Air Foam System, this paper establishes an 110 kV full-scale indoor transformer fire extinguishing test platform. Experiments were conducted to extinguish top-mounted and three-dimensional fires on transformers using single fine water mist and combined fine water mist-CAFS. Temporal variations in data such as the fire extinguishing process and characteristic temperatures were analyzed. The experimental results indicate that the combined use of fine water mist and CAFS can quickly and effectively extinguish indoor transformer fires, with extinguishing times of 10 s and 8 s for top-mounted and three-dimensional fires, respectively. Compared to the single fine water mist extinguishing system, the combined use of fine water mist and CAFS improves the cooling efficiency of the transformer wall by approximately 50%. After the combined fine water mist-CAFS system was continuously activated for 10 minutes, the key protection area remained fully covered by foam, indicating that fine water mist does not cause compressed air foam to rupture rapidly, and the combined use of fine water mist and CAFS is feasible. The research findings can be used to optimize the design of fire protection systems in indoor or underground substations, ensuring their normal operation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the construction of China's modern forest fire emergency command mechanism Guo Zhengqi, Du Lin 2025, 44 (12):  1837-1843.  Abstract ( 70 )   This article focuses on the construction of a modern forest fire emergency command mechanism. It outlines the basic concepts and connotations of the forest fire command mechanism and analyzes the shortcomings and deficiencies in the existing system. Furthermore, it systematically explores ways to address typical existing problems, draw on advanced international experiences, and propose optimization paths suited to China's national conditions. The aim is to enhance the capability to respond to forest fires and improve overall command efficiency, thereby providing theoretical support and practical guidance for achieving efficient, scientific, and comprehensive emergency management. Related Articles | Metrics

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A study on the combustibility of eight tree species in Beijing Wang Kangzheng, Bai Ye, Wu Yingda, HaoShensi, ZhangFujing 2025, 44 (12):  1844-1849.  Abstract ( 49 )   Taking the leaves of 8 tree species in Beijing as the research object, TG-DTG curves were obtained using TGA/DSC3+synchronous analyzer, to acquire pyrolysis parameters at each stage. The combustibility of the 8 tree species was ranked from three aspects: four-dimensional combustibility, pre exponential factor and activation energy, and principal component analysis, and the optimal fire-resistant tree species was selected. The results show that, based on ignition temperature calculations, the combustibility ranking of the 8 tree species is: Pinus bungeana>Sophora japonica>Pinus armandii>Quercus suber>Juiperus communis>Pinus tabuliformis>Robinia pseudoacacia>Populus tomentosa; Based on activation energy calculations, the ranking is: Quercus suber>Pinus tabuliformis>Robinia pseudoacacia>Pinus bungeana>Juiperus communis>Pinus armandii>Sophora japonica>Populus tomentosa; According to principal component analysis, the ranking is: Pinus bungeana>Quercus suber>Pinus tabuliformis>Pinus armandii>Robinia pseudoacacia>Juiperus communis>Sophora japonica>Populus tomentosa. Since Populus tomentosa has the highest ignition temperature and activation energy, and the lowest principal component score, it can be selected as the optimal fire-resistant tree species. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the evaluation method of professional capacity of local forest fire brigade Zhou Rui, Wang Peiyi, Qin Jiaxin, Ni jiaqing, Wu Yingda 2025, 44 (12):  1850-1856.  Abstract ( 67 )   In order to dynamically grasp the current situation of fire extinguishing and rescue capacity construction of local forest firefighting teams and improve the effectiveness of professional capacity evaluation of forest firefighting teams, based on academic research on forest firefighting team capacity construction, analysis and compilation of national and local standard requirements, and on-site research and evaluation, a professional capacity evaluation index system for forest firefighters has been built, including 5 first level indicators, 11 second level indicators, and 29 third level indicators. The subjective and objective weighting method combining AHP and entropy weight method was used to determine the weight of evaluation indicators and quantitatively evaluate the fire fighting ability of forest firefighting teams. Considering the objective conditions of local forest firefighting teams, a field evaluation and assessment model based on desktop deduction, theoretical assessment, and practical skills was proposed. Thirty local forest firefighting teams in Beijing were assessed one by one. Research has shown that this evaluation method has strong adaptability, and the evaluation results are consistent with the actual situation. It has certain feasibility and effectiveness. Related Articles | Metrics

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Overall situation of China's fire and fire alarm in 2024 He Yuansheng, Yu Ran, Jia Hongchen, Zhang Yan 2025, 44 (12):  1857-1859.  Abstract ( 792 )   Summarize the basic situation of fires in China in 2024, including the number of occurrences, property damage and casualties caused, and conduct statistical analysis from the aspects of spatial distribution, time distribution, and fire causes. Analyze the fire situation and explore the key locations where fires occur frequently. Statistically analyze the overall situation of the fire alarms in 2024 and conduct statistical analysis from the perspectives of fire alarm types and time distribution. Analyze the fire alarm situation and explore the types and time periods of firefighter task with significant increases. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the practical exploration and development path of fire non-site supervision Wu Zhenkun, Liu Xinyuan 2025, 44 (12):  1860-1864.  Abstract ( 63 )   The rapid development of technologies such as the Internet of Things, big data, intelligent perception, communication computing power, and AI big models has brought new opportunities, changes, and possibilities to the reform of fire supervision models. Based on the strategic positioning of Beijing's "four centers" and the practical needs of fire safety, the author organizes innovative exploration and practice of non-site fire supervision, focusing on solving problems such as weak grassroots forces, lagging risk warning, slow rectification of hidden dangers, low quality and efficiency of supervision, and poor enterprise experience. The author continuously promotes the intelligent and precise reform of fire supervision mode, and the transformation of fire governance system to pre prevention, in order to ensure high-quality economic and social development with high-level fire safety. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on fire and explosion risk analysis and prevention strategies in methionine production​ Chen Shuo, Zhong Yuanjun 2025, 44 (12):  1865-1869.  Abstract ( 48 )   With the continuous rapid growth of the methionine industry's production volume, the risk of fire and explosion in its production process has become an important factor restricting the industry's development. This article systematically explores the fire and explosion risks in methionine production and the corresponding prevention and control measures. Firstly, through the analysis of standard regulations and the development situation of the industry, it reveals the fire and explosion risks in methionine production from four dimensions: production process, production equipment, fire safety management, and the overall development situation of the industry. Risks at the process level mainly include uncontrolled reactions and leakage of hazardous materials, risks at the equipment level include failure of sealing, electrical defects, and corrosion-induced leakage, and risks at the management level include shortage of professional personnel, deviation in standard implementation, and insufficient application of new technologies. The macro-level risk stems from the structural mismatch between the rapid technological iteration in the industry and the lagging update of fire standards, resulting in low efficiency in safety investment and high international compliance costs. Based on the above risk analysis results, corresponding prevention and control measures for fire and explosion risks in methionine production are proposed from the technical, management, and standard aspects. The research results provide a systematic method and framework for solving the problem of insufficient application efficiency of fire protection technology in the methionine production industry, and promote the safe and sustainable development of the methionine industry. Related Articles | Metrics

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Differential analysis and countermeasure study of psychological health among grassroots fire and rescue personnel Liu Changwang, Li Yinghui, Qi Shuaili, Shi Can 2025, 44 (12):  1870-1873.  Abstract ( 61 )   After the professionalization reform of the fire rescue team, the composition of the grassroots fire and rescue personnel has become more diversified, and the factors affecting the psychological health of grassroots fire and rescue personnel have become more complex. To study the differences in psychological problems after rescue operations of different types of personnels, this article uses the Symptom Self-Rating Scale (SCL-90) to conduct a questionnaire survey to statistically analyze the mental health status of different types of grassroots firefighters from demographic angles. The results show that obsessive-compulsive symptoms are the most prominent in the 10 factors of the self-rating scale. Using the SPSS analysis software, the article analyzes the differences in obsessive-compulsive symptoms among different fire and rescue personnels. The results show that the differences are significant in marriage and rank. Combining with the in-depth interviews and discussions, the article speculates that it is related to the characteristics of the firefighting profession, the article puts forward corresponding countermeasures. Related Articles | Metrics

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A comparative study on the classification systems of natural disasters and fires at home and abroad Jin Tao, He Qize 2025, 44 (12):  1874-1881.  Abstract ( 58 )   The scientific classification of disasters and accidents serves as an important means for countries worldwide to enhance emergency preparedness, improve early warning capabilities, and increase response efficiency. China implements an emergency management system characterized by "comprehensive coordination, categorized management, tiered responsibility, and locally-led management." This paper systematically examines the characteristics of classification systems for natural disasters and fires at different governance stages both domestically and internationally. The study reveals that during the pre-disaster assessment and prediction phase as well as the emergency response phase, classification systems for natural disasters encompass disaster grades, warning classifications, and response classifications, while fire classification systems comprise two aspects: fire alarm classifications and dispatch classifications. Regarding natural disasters, disaster grades as intensity standards have achieved international standardization, yet specific classification criteria vary among different disaster types. Warning classifications consistently reflect the urgency of societal risk-avoidance actions, while response classifications align with the number of administrative hierarchical levels in each country. Concerning fires, fire alarm and dispatch classifications comprehensively consider both the inherent characteristics of disasters and their potential impact consequences. The five-level fire alarm standard is universally adopted internationally, serving as a crucial quantitative basis for resource allocation in emergency response operations. Related Articles | Metrics