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15 August 2025, Volume 44 Issue 8 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Identification model of lithium battery fire based on improved YOLOv5s algorithm Zhang Shulin, Wang Lanning, Wen Zhuo, Lu Yi 2025, 44 (8):  1023-1028.  Abstract ( 215 )   The temperature of lithium battery fire rises rapidly, which is easy to cause the surrounding objects to burn and expand the fire range; At the same time, flammable gases produced by lithium battery fire are prone to explosion risk, which increases the risk of fire. The timely detection of lithium battery fires and the implementation of emergency rescue measures are crucial in preventing chain accidents. This study enhanced the feature extraction ability of the YOLOv5s algorithm by incorporating the Coordinate Attention mechanism, and improved the model's generalization ability through the use of the Mosaic-9 data augmentation algorithm. Additionally, we introduced the CIoU loss function to enhance small target flame detection accuracy. A lithium battery fire identification model based on the improved YOLOv5s algorithm is established, and the loss function and evaluation index robustness of the algorithm model before and after the improvement are analyzed based on the multi-interference lithium battery fire dataset training. The results indicate that the loss value of the model after the improvement has better convergence, and the loss value of the improved algorithm model is lower; compared with the original algorithm model, the accuracy of the improved algorithm model increased by 2.25%, the recall rate increased by 2.11%, the mAP increased by 2.98%, and the F1 score increased by 4.14%. The improved algorithm model achieves the detection speed of 46 frame per second while maintaining a good recognition effect. The establishment of this model has a reference value for the research of intelligent identification of lithium battery fire. Related Articles | Metrics

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Quantitative assessment of the thermal radiation hazard of fireball in a chemical plant considering occupant evacuation Wang Jiyun, Pan Chuanyu, Li Yaoqiang, Luo Hao, Liu Xuanya 2025, 44 (8):  1029-1035.  Abstract ( 92 )   In order to quantitatively evaluate the thermal radiation hazard caused by a fireball in a chemical plant, FDS software was used to simulate the evolution of the fireball, and Pathfinder software was used to simulate the occupant evacuation. On the basis of data output by FDS and Pathfinder, the data query algorithm was written to acquire the thermal radiation dose of each evacuee, so as to calculate the casualty probability according to the dose-response model, and to determine the number of casualties. The results showed that as the fuel mass of single fireball increased from 5 056 kg to 16 432 kg, the duration and maximum diameter of the fireball increased from 6.9 s to 11.3 s and 40 m to 98 m, respectively, which significantly expanded the influence area of thermal radiation. The distribution of evacuees varied nonlinearly over time, resulting in the number of casualties varying nonlinearly with the moment of the fireball formation. The domino effect led to multiple fireballs, and the number of fatalities increased from less than 3 to more than 10, which escalated the accident level from a general accident to a major accident. The results provided theoretical support for the quantitative assessment of accidents consequences of fireballs and other fires. Related Articles | Metrics

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Simulation experiment and cause analysis of non welding operation points catching fire during mesh structure welding operation Gao Peng, Lyv Zhong, Zhang Yi 2025, 44 (8):  1036-1040.  Abstract ( 99 )   PDF (12076KB) ( 24 )   Welding fires are one of the important causes of larger fires. This article studies the ignition mechanism and danger of non welding points during mesh structure welding operations by building an experimental platform. The experimental results show that the mesh structure welding operation can ignite a fire at non welding points, and the distance and position of the ignition points have a certain degree of uncertainty, and even multiple ignition points may occur. The ignition ability of different types of grid contact points varies. When there is a weld nugget in the middle of the contact point, the ignition ability is the strongest, and the main ignition methods are arc and splashing of molten beads resembling welding slag. The research results can provide technical basis for investigating such kinds of difficult welding fires. Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence rules of geometric parameters on hydrogen flame propagation and detonation initiation characteristics in spiral channels Li Tao, Liu Nannan, An Weiguang 2025, 44 (8):  1041-1047.  Abstract ( 52 )   This study employs direct numerical simulation methods to comparatively investigate the flame acceleration and detonation initiation processes in constant-width and variable-width spiral channels. The results indicate that the spiral channel significantly increases the flame surface area through asymmetric stretching along the inner wall, thereby accelerating flame propagation. This stretching effect primarily arises from the non-uniformity of the flow field within the curved channel. Compared to the constant-width spiral channel, the variable-width spiral channel exhibits a higher flame acceleration rate and a reduction in the detonation initiation distance by approximately 36%. This phenomenon can be attributed to two mechanisms: first, based on previous research, increasing the width of the inner channel when the curvature is large significantly enhances the flame acceleration rate; second, the gradual contraction effect of the inner channel increases the velocity gradient between the flame front and rear, thereby strengthening the flame surface stretching effect. This study reveals the influence of geometric characteristics of spiral channels on flame acceleration and detonation initiation performance, providing a theoretical basis for optimizing pipeline design to reduce flame propagation speed and detonation initiation probability. Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental study on explosion characteristics of wood dust containing urea-formaldehyde resin Deng Hanyun, Yu Lifu, Zhang Fuqun, Sun Wei 2025, 44 (8):  1048-1055.  Abstract ( 39 )   In order to study the effect of urea-formaldehyde resin adhesive on wood dust explosion, industrial analysis and element analysis were used. The explosion characteristics of wood dust containing urea-formaldehyde resin (sample A) and non-adhesive wood dust (sample B) were measured by laser particle sizer （SEM）, 20 L spherical explosive device, MIKE III testing device and thermostatic hot plate. The results show that the minimum ignition temperature of the dust layer decreases with the increase of the dust layer thickness, and the minimum ignition temperature of the samples A2 and B2 are 310 ℃ and 295 ℃ respectively when the dust layer thickness is 15 mm. The minimum ignition energies of samples A2 and B2 are 100~150 mJ and 50~100 mJ respectively, and the lower explosive limit concentrations of samples A2 and B2 are 125 g/m3 and 75 g/m3 respectively when the mass concentration is 1 250 g/m3. The maximum explosion pressures of A2 and B2 （200 mesh） are 0.67 MPa and 0.78 MPa, respectively, and the maximum explosion pressure rising rate are 26.96 MPa/s and 21.75 MPa/s, when the mass concentration is 200~1 500 g/m3. The results show that the ignition sensitivity and explosion intensity of sample A are lower than that of sample B, that is, the urea-formaldehyde resin has an inhibitory effect on wood dust explosion. Related Articles | Metrics

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Multi-layer networks model and risk analysis of oil tank area fire accidents Xia Yunlong, Xia Dengyou, Chen Changlin, Xia Zhenglin 2025, 44 (8):  1056-1061.  Abstract ( 86 )   In order to address the challenge that frontline commanders cannot accurately assess fire risks in oil tank area fire scenarios, this paper proposes a multi-layer network model for fire risk propagation in oil tank areas based on multi-layer network theory. First, by analyzing critical accident scenarios of oil tanks, we constructed single-layer networks of accident propagation for different types of tank, and subsequently developed a multi-layer network model for risk propagation in oil tank area accidents. Subsequently, we quantitatively evaluated the importance of scenario nodes in tank accidents using node index including degree centrality, betweenness centrality, and closeness centrality, thereby measuring risk levels of different tank accident scenarios. Finally, through case analysis of the 2015 Zhangzhou PX project explosion in Fujian Province, we examined the fire development process and identified critical accident scenario nodes. The study demonstrates that, compared to traditional single-layer networks, the multilayer network can more clearly and effectively identify critical scenario nodes with significant influence, thereby providing valuable support for priority disposal in emergency response. Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental study on fire spreading characteristics of 110 kV flame retardant cables under different spacing conditions Ye Liangpeng, Sun Tao, Zhang Jiaqing, Guo Yi, Mu Xuyang 2025, 44 (8):  1062-1067.  Abstract ( 52 )   As a primary means of electrical transmission, high-voltage cables play an indispensable role in urban and industrial areas. Hence, investigating the fire safety of high-voltage cables holds significant importance in academic discourse. Using 110 kV flame-retardant cables as experimental materials, fire spread experiments were conducted under varying spacing conditions, during which flame morphology, flame radiation, mass loss, and cable temperature were measured and analyzed. Based on the evolution of fire spread morphology over time, the process can be divided into four stages: ignition phase, spread development phase, stable combustion phase, and extinction phase. During the extinction phase, the phenomenon of flames moving along the cable surface was observed. The total mass loss of the cable, mass loss rate, and flame radiation exhibited a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase in cable spacing, reaching a peak at a spacing of about 4 cm. Moreover, the experiment found that the average temperature of the cable's outer sheath decreased exponentially with the distance from the center of the fire source. This study provides precise data support for safety assessment and fire control for 110 kV cables. Related Articles | Metrics

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Status of research on the influencing factors of backdraft extreme fire behavior and firefighting and rescue disposal methods Lin Shi, Liao Jiabin, Liu Canhua, Lyu Zhilong, Hong Zhi, Liu Chunxiang, Yu Longxing 2025, 44 (8):  1068-1079.  Abstract ( 69 )   PDF (1052KB) ( 28 )   The paper reviewed the current research status of backdraft phenomena both domestically and internationally, described the mechanism of backdraft and its influencing factors, and analyzed the influencing mechanism of various factors on backdraft from the aspects of fire source factors, ventilation factors, and environmental factors. Specifically, the fire source factors include fuel type, fire source power, and ignition location, which directly influenced the fire development process and combustion products; the ventilation factors included the size and position of openings and the timing of door opening and closing, which control the oxygen supply and the concentration of combustible gases; the environmental factors include chamber materials, environmental conditions, and scale effects, which influence the composition of gases and the combustion process in the fire environment. In addition, the paper further reviewed and analyzed the effects of the above variables on key parameters such as gravity flow structure, gas concentration, temperature, pressure, combustion products and backdraft fireball size. The study systematically explores the practical disposal process to avoid the risk of backdraft, involving three parts: fire investigation, technical and tactical selection, and door entry disposal techniques. It summarized the main factors influencing the occurrence of backdraft phenomena and the corresponding strategies from both theoretical and practical perspectives and discussed the future focus and development direction of backdraft prediction research. Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence analysis of the roof structure on hydrogen leakage and diffusion of gasoline and hydrogen filling station Mao Wei, Bi Haipu, Cao Yujie 2025, 44 (8):  1080-1085.  Abstract ( 35 )   To study the influence of the roof structure of the gasoline and hydrogen filling stations on the hydrogen leakage and diffusion, the variation characteristics of hydrogen movement velocity and volume fraction under four different roof structure conditions of original canopy, flat roof, quadrangular platform type and quadrangular pyramid type were modeled, calculated and analyzed. The results show that different roof shapes have different effects on the hydrogen movement velocity. The flat roof is more conducive to maintaining the horizontal movement trend of hydrogen, the inclined roof is more conducive to maintaining the upward movement trend of hydrogen, while the quadrangular pyramidal roof is more conducive to the upward diffusion of hydrogen. The diffusion of hydrogen clouds is restricted by the ordinary canopy, and hydrogen is easy to accumulate between the roof and side panels, which results in a large area of high volume fraction hydrogen. The pyramidal roof is a safer roof design, which can better hinder the accumulation of hydrogen in the station. The results can provide a reference for the roof design of gasoline and hydrogen filling stations. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the law of fire smoke spread in civil aircraft cargo holds Li Bo, Wei Pengyang 2025, 44 (8):  1086-1091.  Abstract ( 48 )   The cargo in civil aircraft cargo holds is diverse. In case of a fire, the smoke spreads rapidly and is highly toxic, which seriously endangers aircraft operation, fuselage safety and personnel safety. Focusing on the law of fire smoke spread in civil aircraft cargo holds, this paper builds a typical cargo hold test platform. Based on the background of a cargo hold ground fire of an aircraft, it focuses on studying the fire development and smoke spread laws under different fire ignition positions and different opening/closing states of the cargo hold door. The research conclusions are of great significance for mastering the law of smoke spread in civil aircraft ground fires, and can help to formulate more effective emergency responses and fire prevention and control measures. Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental study on dormitory fire in rural primary schools Liang Zhihong, Shan Weiwei, Zhang Wenlong 2025, 44 (8):  1092-1096.  Abstract ( 57 )   In order to study the fire prevention and control of rural primary school dormitory, the full-scale fire test method was used to systematically simulate the fire development process under different fire conditions. Based on the three scenarios of full-scale small-load lower bunk fire,full-scale small-load upper bunk fire and large-load upper bunk fire, the temperature and smoke collection system is arranged to monitor the temperature and smoke diffusion characteristics in the process of fire occurrence and spread in real time. The results show that when the lower bunk is used as the ignition point, the flame will quickly spread to the whole lower bunk area and form a three-dimensional fire, which will eventually lead to violent combustion; The upper bunk fire burns relatively slowly at the initial stage of fire, but it will also cause violent combustion as the fire develops. Based on the test results, the prevention countermeasures such as strengthening fire safety education, adding automatic alarm system and optimizing safety evacuation facilities were put forward, aiming to provide scientific test data and technical support for the fire prevention and control of rural primary school buildings. Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental study on the fire extinguishing performance of perfluorohexoane fire suppression system in local application scenarios Ma Jianqin, Zhao Qingsong, Wang Haoxuan, Yang Fan 2025, 44 (8):  1097-1102.  Abstract ( 65 )   An experimental investigation was conducted to evaluate the fire extinguishing performance of the perfluorohexoane fire suppression system in local application scenarios. Three typical fire models were selected: 70B oil pool fire, three-dimensional fire, and wood crib fire. A test platform for local application fire suppression was designed and constructed to measure key parameters such as agent dosage, discharge time, extinguishing time, and nozzle pressure. The results indicate that the perfluorohexoane system demonstrated excellent fire suppression capabilities across all three fire models, effectively suppressing flames rapidly and preventing reignition. The critical discharge parameters for local application were identified as nozzle pressure, spray angle, discharge time, and droplet size. For 70B oil pool fires, a nozzle pressure exceeding 1 MPa was required to suppress the flames, while excessive pressure should be avoided to prevent splashing. For three-dimensional fires, the spray angle must fully cover the protected object with a safety margin of at least 0.6 m below the midpoint of the object. For 3A wood crib fires, optimal extinguishing efficiency was achieved with a droplet size (DV0.99) ≤200 μm. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on smoke exhaust technology of straight-spray water gun in indoor fire Wang Pei, Wang Yaokai, Zhang Caili 2025, 44 (8):  1103-1109.  Abstract ( 62 )   Smoke exhaust at the fire scene is an important tactic for extinguishing building fires, which can create favorable conditions for firefighting and rescue. As a new smoke exhaust method, the straight-spray water gun has been applied at home and abroad, but there is a lack of systematic theoretical research, and it is urgent to carry out relevant tests to provide validation and support. This paper simulates the smoke exhaust effect under the same conditions by designing four test schemes of mobile positive pressure air supply smoke exhaust fan, natural smoke exhaust, straight-spray water gun positive pressure spray smoke exhaust and straight-spray water gun hydraulic ventilation smoke exhaust, and evaluates the smoke exhaust efficiency of each smoke exhaust mode by quantifying the attenuation degree of visible light penetration smoke. Experimental data shows that using a mobile positive pressure air supply smoke exhaust fan has the best smoke exhaust effect and the shortest time required; The effective smoke exhaust volume and efficiency of hydraulic ventilation with straight-spray water gun is the highest within the effective smoke exhaust time; The natural smoke exhaust efficiency is the lowest and takes the longest time. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the burning characteristics of magnesium chip stack and efficient dry powder extinguishing agents Ji Jingwei, Li Wenju, Zheng Yuechuan, Zhang Hong, Shi Bangkai 2025, 44 (8):  1110-1116.  Abstract ( 49 )   In this paper, the combustion characteristics of magnesium chip stack in two forms (horizontal and conical) were tested, revealing that the combustion flame height of magnesium chip stack is low, the temperature is high, and the continuous internal oxidizing combustion leads to the "double peak" characteristics of temperature. To address the issue that traditional metal fire extinguishing agents struggle to adhere to the surface of magnesium chip stack, resulting in poor air insulation effect, a new dry powder fire extinguishing agent (NaCl/LMG) with low melting point glass powder and sodium chloride dry powder as the main raw materials was formulated. Fire extinguishing tests of conical stack of magnesium chips were carried out. The test results show that both the traditional NaCl dry powder and the new NaCl/LMG can extinguish the surface combustion of the conical stack. However, the NaCl dry powder fails to effectively inhibit the internal oxidation, while the NaCl/LMG can form a hard cover layer that effectively isolates air and inhibits the oxidation of the internal magnesium chips. During the fire extinguishing process by NaCl/LMG, the surface temperature of the stack decreased at a rate approximately 4.64 times that of the NaCl dry powder. Additionally, NaCl/LMG dry powder reduced the internal temperature of the stack to 200 ℃ in 1 200 s, achieving effective fire extinguishing. The fire extinguishing time and the extinguishing agent consumption of NaCl/LMG dry powder were reduced by 50% and 53% compared with NaCl dry powder, respectively. Related Articles | Metrics

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Development and performance study of heat insulation system materials for flexible fireproof cover Su Zengyue, Wang Hongyang, Zhou Jie, Jing Liangxiao, Zheng Zhenrong 2025, 44 (8):  1117-1122.  Abstract ( 32 )   A flexible fireproof cover system material for valve actuators was developed. The fireproof cover consists of a fire-resistant outer layer, a thermal insulation layer, and a wear-resistant inner layer. Using glass fiber cloth as the base fabric and coating it with benzyl methyl silicone resin, the outer layer material of the fireproof system was obtained. The influence of the fiber type and thickness of the thermal insulation layer fiber mat in the composite fabric on its thermal insulation performance was explored. The results show that after ablation at 500 °C for 30 minutes, the coated fabric maintains intact structural performance, exhibits liquid repellency and moisture resistance, is resistant to ultraviolet rays, acids, and alkalis, and its smoke toxicity meets the AQ2 level in GB/T 20285. Coated fabrics prepared with quartz fabric and high-silica glass fiber fabric as the base fabric can withstand ablation by butane fire for 10 minutes. When using high-silica coated fabric as the protective outer layer and 48 mm glass fiber mat or alumina fiber mat as the thermal insulation layer, the composite material remains unburned through after 30 minutes of butane fire ablation at 1 100 °C, and the temperature on the back of the composite material is lower than 80 °C，which is the failure temperature of general valve actuators. Related Articles | Metrics

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Development and performance research of aromatic viscose blended fabrics Liu Dahu, Zheng Zhenrong, Su Zengyue, Liu Chunhui 2025, 44 (8):  1123-1129.  Abstract ( 30 )   The outer fabric of the firefighting suit is mainly composed of aramid fibers, which have poor moisture absorption and moisture conductivity and a stiff feel. In order to solve the problem of poor comfort of the outer fabric of firefighting clothing, meta-aramid fibers and flame-retardant viscose fibers were blended to prepare aromatic viscose blended fabrics with blended ratios of 30/70, 40/60, 50/50, and 60/40, and their mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and breathability were tested. The results show that the meridional breaking strength of the fabrics with blended ratios of 50/50 and 60/40 is 916 N and 863 N, respectively, the continuous ignition time and smoldering time are 0 s, and the damage length is about 3 cm. Among them, the air permeability of the fabric with a blending ratio of 60/40 reached 78.91 mm/s, and the moisture permeability rate was 6 902 g/(m2.24 h). The fabrics prepared with a blended ratio of 60/40 meet the requirements of XF 10-2014, Firefighters' Fire Fighting Protective Clothing, which provides a certain reference for the development of comfortable flame retardant fabrics. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of polyaniline modified basalt in anti-corrosion and fire-retardant coatings Yu Hualong, Jin Yijie, Chen Ao, Jia Dan 2025, 44 (8):  1130-1135.  Abstract ( 24 )   In order to meet the integrated requirements of anti-corrosion and fire prevention for steel structures, by leveraging the passivation anti-corrosion function of polyaniline and the barrier shielding effect of basalt scales, polyaniline (PANI) modified basalt flakes (BS) composite material (PANI-BS) was prepared by in-situ polymerization method. The morphology, composition and structure of the composite material were analyzed， and the synergistic anti-corrosion and fire resistance properties of the composite material in waterborne epoxy system were investigated. Results showed that PANI coated modified BS can be obtained through oxalic acid doping and in-situ polymerization. PANI-BS has good anti-corrosion function in pure epoxy system, and the epoxy fireproof coating prepared by combining with ternary flame retardant expansion agent also exhibits good fire resistance performance. The comprehensive performance of the coating is related to the amount of PANI-BS added, and the coating containing 3% composite material has the best anti-corrosion and fireproof ability. The experiment shows that PANI-BS has good potential for application in the integration of anti-corrosion and fire prevention requirements. Related Articles | Metrics

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The collaborative fire prevention and elimination"four-color inspection method" for identifying danger and eliminating risk of fire safety Wang Yifei 2025, 44 (8):  1136-1138.  Abstract ( 54 )   In order to solve the bottleneck problems encountered in the collaborative work of fire prevention and firefighting, and to address the issue of grassroots fire rescue forces not being able to investigate, we will start from two aspects: "prevention" work and "rescue" preparation work before a fire occurs, run through the entire fire prevention work, identify key factors, and explore the "four-color inspection method" for fire prevention and firefighting collaborative work to identify risks and eliminate hidden dangers, enhance the ability to identify risks and eliminate hidden dangers, and promote the modernization of grassroots fire governance system and governance capacity. Related Articles | Metrics

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Current status and factors influencing post-traumatic growth of firefighters Wang Yuting, Rao Yuling, Zhang Lei, Zhang Xiaocui 2025, 44 (8):  1139-1145.  Abstract ( 44 )   To explore the current status of firefighters' post-traumatic growth and its related influencing factors, a survey was conducted on 2 330 firefighters using the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), Resilience Scale (RISC), and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), and relevent analyses were carried out. Through analysis of variance, t-test, correlation analysis, and linear-regression analysis, it was found 1 546 firefighters showed moderately high levels of post-traumatic growth; there were significant differences in PTG among only children, different marital statuses, age, education background, working year, and occupational category (P0.05); resilience and cognitive reappraisal were significantly and positively correlated with PTG (r=0.59, P0.01; r=0.49, P0.01); Working years, age, psychological resilience and cognitive reappraisal significantly predict the level of post-traumatic growth, that is, the higher the level of psychological resilience and cognitive reappraisal, the shorter the working years, and the younger the age of fire rescue personnel, the higher their post-traumatic growth level. The research results indicate that, fire stations should provide career transition or promotion opportunities for older firefighters with longer working years to reduce the continuous new impact of frontline work on their psychology; meanwhile, regular psychological interventions should be carried out to help firefighters adjust their mindset and reconstruct their cognition of the traumatic events, so as to promote the enhancement of post-traumatic growth level. Related Articles | Metrics

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A brief analysis on the current application status and development trends of fire detection technology in public buildings Wang Wei 2025, 44 (8):  1146-1151.  Abstract ( 38 )   With the rapid development of China's economy, public buildings have exhibited trends of increasing height, expanding volume, and growing functional complexity, leading to the accumulation and escalation of urban fire risks. Existing conventional fire detection technologies face practical challenges such as increasingly intricate building structures, diverse application scenarios, and multi-layered environmental interferences. These issues result in low anti-interference capability, high false alarm rates, delayed or inadequate early warnings, and insufficient detection accuracy. This paper briefly discusses the applicable scenarios, existing problems, and development trends of conventional technologies (e.g., point-type fire detection and linear beam smoke detection) and emerging technologies (e.g., image-based smoke detection and deep-seated slow-developing fire detection) in public buildings. It aims to provide references for establishing early warning systems for fires in public structures. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on strengthening the legal construction of the main responsibility for fire safety of social units Hao Yinzhen, Liu Xuanya 2025, 44 (8):  1152-1156.  Abstract ( 31 )   This article summarizes the relevant provisions of China's fire safety laws and regulations system on the main responsibility of social units for fire safety, in response to the fire safety main responsibility granted to social units by the Fire Protection Law of the People's Republic of China. Starting from cases, it focuses on analyzing the problems in the legal construction of fire safety main responsibility of social units in China, and proposes suggestions for strengthening the legal construction of fire safety main responsibility of social units and improving the fire safety laws and regulations system. Related Articles | Metrics

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Thoughts and practices on promoting the establishment of an injury-free training system for fire and rescue teams Liu Jinjun, Zhang Ming 2025, 44 (8):  1157-1162.  Abstract ( 56 )   Injury-free training is a systematic engineering that requires theoretical thinking and understanding of its profound connotations in order to accurately grasp the theory, methods, and means of training in practice, scientifically guide the training of fire rescue teams, and gradually improve the training level of fire rescue personnel. Preliminary thoughts and explorations have been conducted on the necessity of promoting the establishment of a injury-free training system for fire rescue teams, including how to establish the concept of injury-free training at all levels, and how to organically integrate it with the daily training courses of grassroots fire rescue teams (stations). Based on the current problems in fire rescue team training, specific measures and methods for establishing a injury-free training system have been proposed. Related Articles | Metrics

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The current situation and inspiration of HKSAR fire education and training system Yin Yanbo, Wang Pei, Chen Xin 2025, 44 (8):  1163-1168.  Abstract ( 58 )   The professional, practical, and systematic education and training system of HKSAR fire protection is introduced. We propose to coordinate and optimize the fire rescue education and training system from the aspects of top-level design, professional standard certification, external cooperation and exchange, and college construction，to provide support and reference for improving and developing the fire rescue education and training system. Related Articles | Metrics